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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Apr 27.
Published in final edited form as: J Am Dent Assoc. 2020 Nov 27;152(1):25–35. doi: 10.1016/j.adaj.2020.09.002

Table 2.

Demographic characteristics and clinical tests for Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities visit 4 participants according to PPC-Stages.*

VARIABLE PPC-STAGE
I (N = 1,741) II (N = 964) III (N = 918) IV (N = 419) V (N = 568) VI (N = 707) VII (N = 768) Edentulous (N = 1,258) P VALUE
Center (Race), No. (%) NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA < .0001
Jackson, Mississippi (African American) 36 (3) 14 (1) 6 (0) 158 (12) 401 (32) 87 (7) 213 (17) 357 (28) NA
North Carolina (white) 617 (36) 300 (17) 118 (7) 72 (4) 44 (3) 214 (12) 128 (7) 236 (14) NA
North Carolina (African American) 15 (11) 10 (7) 6 (4) 16 (12) 9 (7) 31 (23) 22 (16) 27 (20) NA
Maryland (white) 266 (13) 369 (18) 238 (12) 135 (7) 64 (3) 217 (11) 249 (12) 476 (24) NA
Suburban Minneapolis, Minnesota (white) 805 (37) 268 (12) 547 (25) 35 (2) 50 (2) 155 (7) 151 (7) 158 (7) NA
Sex, No. (%) NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA < .0001
Female 1,176 (29) 450 (11) 412 (10) 153 (4) 310 (8) 389 (10) 438 (11) 715 (18) NA
Male 565 (17) 514 (16) 506 (15) 266 (8) 258 (8) 318 (10) 330 (10) 543 (16) NA
Age, Years, Mean (Standard Deviation) 61.7 (5.4) 62.3 (5.9) 62.9 (5.6) 61.8 (5.8) 61.5 (5.5) 63.7 (5.6) 63.0 (5.5) 64.2 (5.7) < .0001
Body Mass Index, Mean (Standard Deviation) 27.2 (4.7) 28.2 (4.8) 28.0 (4.9) 29.3 (6.0) 29.7 (5.9) 28.5 (5.0) 29.3 (6.0) 29.0 (6.0) < .0001
Smoking Status, No. (%) NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA < .0001
Never 961 (29) 528 (16) 332 (10) 192 (6) 291 (9) 288 (9) 277 (8) 403 (12) NA
Former 633 (23) 357 (13) 413 (15) 142 (5) 174 (6) 284 (10) 296 (11) 461 (17) NA
Current 117 (12) 54 (5) 145 (14) 65 (6) 62 (6) 107 (11) 158 (16) 301 (30) NA
Education, No. (%) NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA < .0001
Basic 88 (7) 75 (6) 54 (4) 92 (7) 133 (10) 111 (8) 207 (16) 568 (43) NA
Intermediate 733 (23) 429 (14) 410 (13) 167 (5) 183 (6) 346 (11) 376 (12) 502 (16) NA
Advanced 917 (32) 459 (16) 453 (16) 160 (6) 250 (9) 250 (9) 185 (6) 185 (6) NA
High-Density Lipoprotein, No. (%) NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA < .0001
≥ 40 milligrams/deciliter 334 (17) 301 (12) 273 (14) 127 (6) 130 (7) 215 (11) 223 (11) 390 (20) NA
< 40 mg/dL 1,407 (26) 663 (15) 645 (12) 292 (5) 438 (9) 492 (9) 545 (10) 868 (16) NA
Triglycerides, No. (%) NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA < .0001
> 200 mg/dL 299 (25) 186 (16) 156 (13) 33 (3) 56 (5) 129 (11) 128 (11) 203 (17) NA
≤ 200 mg/dL 1,442 (23) 778 (13) 762 (12) 386 (6) 512 (8) 578 (9) 640 (10) 1,055 (17) NA
Statins, No. (%) NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA .009
Yes 219 (24) 131 (14) 120 (13) 39 (4) 45 (5) 94 (10) 94 (10) 175 (19) NA
No 1,521 (24) 833 (13) 798 (12) 380 (6) 520 (8) 613 (10) 670 (10) 1,078 (17) NA
Hypertension, No. (%) NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA < .0001
Yes 444 (18) 292 (12) 246 (10) 171 (7) 243 (10) 255 (10) 275 (11) 536 (22) NA
No 1,294 (27) 668 (14) 669 (14) 247 (5) 321 (7) 451 (9) 486 (10) 711 (15) NA
*

PPC-Stages: Periodontal Profile Classes system adapted to stages.

NA: Not applicable.