Domain 1: participant selection |
Risk of bias |
SQ1.1: was a consecutive or random sample of people enrolled? |
SQ1.2: was a case‐control or cross‐sectional design avoided? |
SQ1.3: did the study avoid inappropriate exclusions? |
Applicability |
Are there concerns that the included participants and setting do not match the review question? |
Domain 2: subsequent treatment |
Risk of bias |
SQ2.1: did treatment vary across participants? (or "Was treatment either standardised or randomised?") |
Applicability |
Are there concerns that treatments received do not match the review question? |
Domain 3: outcome measurement |
Risk of bias |
SQ3.1: was the method of outcome measurement used adequately valid and reliable? |
SQ3.2: was the method and setting of outcome measurement the same for all study participants? |
SQ3.3: was the outcome objective or assessed without knowledge of the prognostic factor? |
SQ3.4: do the prognostic factors investigated form part of the outcome? |
Applicability |
Are there concerns that outcome does not match the question or that follow‐up was not of sufficient duration, or both? |
Domain 4: prognostic factor measurement |
Risk of bias |
SQ4.1: was the method and setting of measurement of the prognostic factor the same for all participants? |
SQ4.2: was the prognostic factor objective or measured without knowledge of the outcome or risk of the outcome? |
SQ4.3: if a threshold was used, was it prespecified? |
Applicability |
Are there concerns that prognostic factor, the way that it was measured, or the way that it was interpreted, differ from the review question? |
Domain 5: study attrition |
Risk of bias |
SQ5.1: were all participants included in the analysis? |
If no to SQ5.1: SQ5.2: were there important differences between participants who completed the study/were included in the analysis and those who were not? |
Domain 6: adjustment for other potential prognostic factors (where relevant) |
Risk of bias |
SQ6.1: were other potential prognostic factors measured adequately and reliably and in a similar manner for all participants, and is the method of adding them to the model appropriate? |
Applicability |
Did the prognostic factors adjusted for match the review question? |
Domain 7: selective reporting |
Risk of bias |
SQ7.1: is the reported estimate likely to be selected on the basis of the results from: multiple outcome measurements, multiple analyses of the prognostic factor‐outcome relationship, from different subgroups, or a combination of these? |