Heilmann 1984.

Methods	Randomized trial; 2 parallel groups. Unit of randomization: individual.
Participants	Dates of data collection: not stated. Setting: Essen, Germany. Inclusion criteria: women undergoing CS in labor (classified as non‐elective). Exclusion criteria: none reported.
Interventions	Intervention 1: cefoxitin 2 g within 3 minutes of anesthetic induction; N = 30. Intervention 2: no treatment; N = 30.
Outcomes	Febrile morbidity (oral temperature > 30°C for at least 2 days); wound infection (reported as "healing difficulties" in translation of table); UTI (105 bacteria/mL after removal of the catheter); length of post‐operative stay.
Notes	Translated from German. Class of antibiotic: cefamycin (2nd generation cephalosporin). Subgroups: non‐elective CS; before cord clamping. The groups were comparable for age, weight, duration of operation, birthweight, duration of urinary catheter use, premature rupture of membranes > 12 hrs; intrauterine fetal monitoring; birthweight.
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Random sequence generation (selection bias)	Unclear risk	Quote: "open randomization". Comment: no additional information provided; no description of sequence generation process.
Allocation concealment (selection bias)	Unclear risk	Comment: no information provided.
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) All outcomes	Low risk	Comment: no loss to follow‐up; analysis was ITT.
Selective reporting (reporting bias)	Unclear risk	Insufficient information provided.
Blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias) All outcomes	High risk	Comment: no blinding; not placebo‐controlled.
Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) All outcomes	High risk	Comment: probably outcome assessment was not blinded.
Other bias	Low risk	Comment: no other sources of bias identified.