Scarpignato 1982.

Methods	RCT; 3 parallel groups. Unit of randomization: individual.
Participants	Dates of data collection: November 1981 to March 1982. Setting: University of Parma, Parma, Italy. Inclusion criteria: women undergoing emergency CS (58/60 women in spontaneous labor; classified as non‐elective). N = 60. Exclusion criteria: allergy to penicillin or cephalosporins; severe renal disease, history of pelvic infections.
Interventions	Intervention: 2nd generation cephalosporin: cefuroxime 750 mg IM 30‐60 minutes before surgery and 8 and 16 hrs after (short term); N = 20. Intervention: cephalosporin (B2): cefuroxime 750 mg 3 times a day for 5 days (1st dose being given post‐operatively after the woman had returned to the ward) (long term); N = 20. Comparison: no treatment: no treatment; N = 20. The results of both treatment groups have been combined.
Outcomes	Fever (> 100.3oF twice 6 hrs apart); endometritis (fever and uterine tenderness); maternal stay (treatment 7.1 vs control 7.9 days, no variance given).
Notes	Note: the group given long‐term prophylaxis received the 1st dose after return to the ward. Class of antibiotic: 2nd generation cephalosporin. Subgroups: non‐elective CS; timing of administration not specified. The 3 groups were comparable.
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Random sequence generation (selection bias)	Unclear risk	Quote: "Randomly assigned". Comment: no description of sequence generation process.
Allocation concealment (selection bias)	Unclear risk	Comment: no information was provided.
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) All outcomes	Unclear risk	Comment: no losses to follow‐up reported. 1 woman was excluded because of an allergic reaction to cefuroxime. Could not be re‐included in ITT analysis.
Selective reporting (reporting bias)	Unclear risk	Comment: insufficient information to judge.
Blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias) All outcomes	High risk	Comment: no blinding, not placebo‐controlled.
Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) All outcomes	High risk	Comment: probably outcome assessment was not blinded.
Other bias	Low risk	Comment: no other sources of bias identified.