| Study characteristics |
| Patient Sampling |
Blood samples were obtained from 111 patients with HCC (Beijing Youan Hospital and Beijing Chaoyang Hospital), 36 patients with liver cirrhosis (LC) (Beijing Youan Hospital; 26 with Child‐Pugh class A and 10 with Child‐Pugh class B), 33 patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) (Beijing Youan Hospital), 9 patients with colorectal carcinoma, 11 patients with lung carcinoma, 10 patients with breast carcinoma, 8 patients with cerebral vascular accident, 7 patients with myositis, and 100 healthy blood donors.
Age range: 29‐65. Males 69% |
| Patient characteristics and setting |
|
| Index tests |
AFP: the cut‐off value considered positive for AFP was 20 ng/mL. |
| Target condition and reference standard(s) |
HCC: no information regarding reference standard |
| Flow and timing |
No information on interval between index test and reference standard |
| Comparative |
|
| Notes |
The authors reported no conflicts of interest. |
| Methodological quality |
| Item |
Authors' judgement |
Risk of bias |
Applicability concerns |
| DOMAIN 1: Patient Selection |
| Was a consecutive or random sample of patients enrolled? |
No |
|
|
| Was a case‐control design avoided? |
No |
|
|
| Did the study avoid inappropriate exclusions? |
Unclear |
|
|
| Could the selection of patients have introduced bias? |
|
High risk |
|
| Are there concerns that the included patients and setting do not match the review question? |
|
|
High |
| DOMAIN 2: Index Test (AFP) |
| Were the index test results interpreted without knowledge of the results of the reference standard? |
No |
|
|
| If a threshold was used, was it pre‐specified? |
Yes |
|
|
| Could the conduct or interpretation of the index test have introduced bias? |
|
High risk |
|
| Are there concerns that the index test, its conduct, or interpretation differ from the review question? |
|
|
Low concern |
| DOMAIN 2: Index Test (US+AFP) |
| DOMAIN 2: Index Test (US) |
| DOMAIN 3: Reference Standard |
| Is the reference standards likely to correctly classify the target condition? |
Unclear |
|
|
| Were the reference standard results interpreted without knowledge of the results of the index tests? |
Unclear |
|
|
| Could the reference standard, its conduct, or its interpretation have introduced bias? |
|
Unclear risk |
|
| Are there concerns that the target condition as defined by the reference standard does not match the question? |
|
|
Unclear |
| DOMAIN 4: Flow and Timing |
| Was there an appropriate interval between index test and reference standard? |
Unclear |
|
|
| Did all patients receive the same reference standard? |
Unclear |
|
|
| Were all patients included in the analysis? |
Yes |
|
|
| Could the patient flow have introduced bias? |
|
High risk |
|
