1. Key characteristics of included studies.
| Study | Index test | Reference standard | Study design | HIV status | Clinical setting | High TB burden | Specimens | Uninterpretable results for tuberculosis detection |
| Anderson 2014 | Xpert MTB/RIF | Culture, Composite | Cohort | Both | Both | Yes | Sputum | NR |
| Andriyoko 2019 | Xpert MTB/RIF | Culture | Cross‐sectional | NR | NR | Yes | Gastric aspirate specimen, stool, sputum | 6/40 (15%) stool, induced sputum or gastric aspirate specimen 1/30 (3%) |
| Atwebembeire 2016 | Xpert MTB/RIF | Culture | Cross‐sectional | Both | NR | No | Sputum | NR |
| Bacha 2017 | Xpert MTB/RIF | Culture, Composite | Cohort | Both | Both | Yes | Sputum | 3/455 (0.6%) |
| Bates 2013 | Xpert MTB/RIF | Culture | Cross‐sectional | Both | Inpatient | Yes | Sputum, gastric aspirate specimen | 17/930 (1.8%) |
| Bhatia 2016 | Xpert MTB/RIF | Culture, Composite | Cross‐sectional | NR | Inpatient | Yes | Cerebrospinal fluid | NR |
| Bholla 2016 | Xpert MTB/RIF | Culture | Cohort | Both | NR | Yes | Lymph node specimen | 0/70 (0%) |
| Brent 2017 | Xpert MTB/RIF | Culture, Composite | Cohort | Both | NR | Yes | Sputum | NR |
| Bunyasi 2015 | Xpert MTB/RIF | Culture | Randomized trial | HIV‐ | Inpatient | Yes | Sputum, gastric aspirate specimen | 47/4856 (0.9%) |
| Causse 2011 | Xpert MTB/RIF | Culture | Cross‐sectional | HIV‐ | Laboratory | No | Gastric aspirate specimen, cerebrospinal fluid | NR |
| Chipinduro 2017 | Xpert MTB/RIF | Culture, Composite | Cross‐sectional | Both | Outpatient | Yes | Sputum, stool | 1/218 (0.4%) induced sputum, 0/218 stool |
| Chisti 2014 | Xpert MTB/RIF | Culture, Composite | Cross‐sectional | NR | Inpatient | Yes | Gastric aspirate specimen, sputum | NR |
| Coetzee 2014 | Xpert MTB/RIF | Culture | Cross‐sectional | Both | Both | Yes | Lymph node | 1/110 (0.9%) |
| Das 2019 | Xpert MTB/RIF | Culture | Cross‐sectional | Both | Both | Yes | Gastric aspirate specimen, cerebrospinal fluid, lymph node, sputum | 2/181 (1%) |
| Gous 2015 | Xpert MTB/RIF | Culture | Cross‐sectional | NR | NR | Yes | Sputum | 27/467 (5.6%) |
| Hanrahan 2018 | Xpert MTB/RIF | Culture | Cohort | Both | Outpatient | Yes | Gastric aspirate specimen, nasopharyngeal specimen, sputum, stool | 15/114 (13%) stool, 1/57 (1.7%) gastric, 1/103 (.9%) IS |
| Hasan 2017 | Xpert MTB/RIF | Culture, Composite | Cross‐sectional | HIV‐ | Both | Yes | Gastric aspirate specimen, stool, sputum | NR |
| Kasa Tom 2018 | Xpert MTB/RIF | Composite | Cohort | Both | Inpatient | Yes | Gastric aspirate specimen, sputum | NR |
| Kim 2015 | Xpert MTB/RIF | Culture | Cross‐sectional | NR | Inpatient | No | Lymph node specimen | NR |
| LaCourse 2014 | Xpert MTB/RIF | Culture, Composite | Cross‐sectional | Both | Inpatient | No | Sputum | 0/300 (0%) |
| LaCourse 2018 | Xpert MTB/RIF | Culture, Composite | Cohort | HIV+ | Inpatient | Yes | Gastric aspirate specimen, sputum, stool | 2/150 (1.3%) |
| Ligthelm 2011 | Xpert MTB/RIF | Culture | Cross‐sectional | NR | Both | Yes | Lymph node specimen | 0/2 (0%) |
| Malbruny 2011 | Xpert MTB/RIF | Culture | Cross‐sectional | NR | Laboratory | No | Gastric aspirate specimen, cerebrospinal fluid, lymph node, sputum | NR |
| Marcy 2016 | Xpert MTB/RIF | Culture | Cohort | HIV+ | NR | Yes | Gastric aspirate specimen, nasopharyngeal specimen, sputum, stool | NR |
| Moussa 2016 | Xpert MTB/RIF | Culture, Composite | Cohort | HIV‐ | NR | No | Sputum, stool | 1/230 (.4%) |
| Myo 2018 | Xpert MTB/RIF | Culture, Composite | Cross‐sectional | Both | Inpatient | Yes | Gastric aspirate specimen | 4/231 (1.7%) |
| Nhu 2013 | Xpert MTB/RIF | Culture, Composite | Cross‐sectional | Both | Inpatient | Yes | Gastric aspirate specimen, sputum, cerebrospinal fluid | NR |
| Nicol 2011 | Xpert MTB/RIF | Culture, Composite | Cross‐sectional | Both | Inpatient | Yes | Sputum | NR |
| Nicol 2013 | Xpert MTB/RIF | Culture, Composite | Cohort | Both | Both | Yes | Sputum, stool | NR |
| Nicol 2018 | Xpert MTB/RIF and Xpert Ultra | Culture, Composite | Cohort | Both | Inpatient | Yes | Sputum | NR |
| Orikiriza 2018 | Xpert MTB/RIF | Culture, Composite | Cohort | Both | Both | No | Sputum, stool | 2/357 (0.5%) sputum, 1/64 (1.5%) stool |
| Pang 2014 | Xpert MTB/RIF | Culture, Composite | Cross‐sectional | Unk/NR | Inpatient | Yes | Gastric aspirate specimen | NR |
| Rachow 2012 | Xpert MTB/RIF | Culture, Composite | Cohort | Both | Both | Yes | Sputum | NR |
| Reither 2015 | Xpert MTB/RIF | Culture, Composite | Cohort | Both | NR | Yes | Sputum | NR |
| Sabi 2018 | Xpert MTB/RIF and Xpert Ultra | Culture, Composite | Cohort | Both | Both | Yes | Sputum | 3/520 (0.5%) |
| Saini 2018 | Xpert MTB/RIF | Culture, Composite | Cross‐sectional | HIV‐ | Inpatient | Yes | Bronchoalveolar lavage | NR |
| Sekadde 2013 | Xpert MTB/RIF | Culture | Cross‐sectional | Both | Both | No | Sputum | 2/250 (0.8%) |
| Singh M 2016 | Xpert MTB/RIF | Culture, Composite | Cross‐sectional | NR | Inpatient | Yes | Gastric aspirate specimen, sputum | NR |
| Solomons 2015 | Xpert MTB/RIF | Culture, Composite | Cross‐sectional | Both | Inpatient | Yes | Cerebrospinal fluid | NR |
| Togun 2015 | Xpert MTB/RIF | Culture, Composite | Cross‐sectional | HIV‐ | Outpatient | No | Sputum | NR |
| Tortoli 2012 | Xpert MTB/RIF | Culture | Cross‐sectional | NR | Laboratory | No | Gastric aspirate specimen, cerebrospinal fluid, lymph node specimen | 0/306 |
| Vadwai 2011 | Xpert MTB/RIF | Culture | Cross‐sectional | Both | Both | Yes | Cerebrospinal fluid | NR |
| Walters 2014 | Xpert MTB/RIF | Culture | Cross‐sectional | Both | Inpatient | Yes | Bronchoalveolar lavage | NR |
| Walters 2017a | Xpert MTB/RIF | Culture, Composite | Cohort | Both | Both | Yes | Gastric aspirate specimen, sputum, stool | 28/379 (7%) |
| Walters 2018a | Xpert MTB/RIF | Culture, Composite | Cohort | Both | Both | Yes | Gastric aspirate specimen, sputum, stool | 12/259 (5%) stool, 8/259 (3%) respiratory |
| Yin 2014 | Xpert MTB/RIF | Culture | Cross‐sectional | NR | Inpatient | Yes | Bronchoalveolar lavage | 4/255 (1.6%) |
| Zar 2012 | Xpert MTB/RIF | Culture, Composite | Cohort | Both | Inpatient | Yes | Nasopharyngeal specimen, sputum | NR |
| Zar 2013 | Xpert MTB/RIF | Culture, Composite | Cohort | Both | Outpatient | Yes | Nasopharyngeal specimen, sputum | 12/1754 (0.6%) |
| Zar 2019 | Xpert MTB/RIF and Xpert Ultra | Culture, Composite | Cohort | Both | Inpatient | Yes | Nasopharyngeal specimen, sputum | NR |
IS: induced sputum; NR: not reported; TB: tuberculosis.