Figure 6.

Summary of the effects of chalcone derivatives on TNBC cells. Chalcone derivatives likely induce the unfolded protein response, in which stress placed on the endoplasmic reticulum by high amounts of unfolded or misfolded proteins causes an increase in heat shock proteins (HSPs) and proteasome proteins followed eventually by apoptosis. Chalcone derivatives may also induce immune activation by increasing the abundance of MHC-I associated proteins, and may be involved in cell cycle disruption via decreases in the abundances of tubulins, which play important roles in several different stages of the cell cycle, including the formation of the mitotic spindle.