Figure 4.

Effects of repeated rinsing with potential prebiotic substrates on multi-species biofilm inflammatory potential

IL-8 levels detected in the supernatants of human oral keratinocytes (HOK-18A) cultures exposed to substrate-treated multi-species biofilms are shown as mean ± SD (n = 3) values (pg/mL). Substrates were dissolved in PBS at a concentration of 1 M (panel a) or 1%_(w/v) (panel b) (corresponding molar concentrations: 45 mM (NADG), 29 mM (α-D-lactose), 17 mM (D-(+)-raffinose) and 26 mM (D-(+)-trehalose)). Statistically significantly different values when compared to the control (PBS) are marked with ‘*’ (P < 0.05, ANOVA + Dunnett’s correction for simultaneous hypothesis testing). IL-8: interleukin-8; NADG: N-acetyl-D-glucosamine.