Table 1.

Summary of the policy analysis findings using Kingdon’s three streams framework [34]

Stream	Topic	Factors facilitating SSB taxation	Barriers to SSB taxation
Problem	Current understanding of the problem of NR-NCDs	NR-NCDs considered a national problem, resulting in premature death & loss of productivity NR-NCDs impact on individual, family & community because of high cost of lifelong treatment & loss of productivity NR-NCDs recognised as an outcome of increased urbanisation	Primary focus of food policy is undernutrition and food security rather than unhealthy diet related to NR-NCDs Sugar not specified as a target risk factor for NR-NCDs – no explicit target for sugar consumption reduction
Policy	Existing policy environment addressing NCD intervention	Multi-sectoral approach to address NR-NCDs prevention Coherence between central and community-based interventions Excise tax of 39% levied on SSBs and non-SSBs; to increase Government revenue, not designed to support healthy consumption behaviour Beverage consumption considered to be elastic; sensitive to price in the last five years NR-NCDs interventions rely heavily on Government funding, which is considered to be unsustainable	SSB industry is one component of vision for national economic development Public–private partnerships exist to maximise value chain from growing, manufacturing and marketing of sugar-containing products, including SSBs Policy incoherence between Government’s vision for sugar industry and health goals to tackle NR-NCDs Access to quality drinking water, which is still a major challenge for large proportion of population, may encourage consumption of SSBs.
Politics	Stakeholder politics and SSB taxation	Opportunity exists for broad coalition of government and civil society players	Beverage industry is a duopoly, dominated by one large company – a subsidiary of a multi-national beverages concern Local industry positions itself as good corporate citizen by providing jobs, paying taxes, and investing in social development