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. 2021 Feb 18;39(5):521–535. doi: 10.1007/s40273-020-00997-1

Table 2.

Estimated coefficients (standard errors) of the fitted models on time trade-off data

M1: OLS model M2: RE model M3: FE model M4: Tobit model M5: RE Tobit model
Coef. SE p value Coef. SE p value Coef. SE p value Coef. SE p value Coef. SE p value
Intercept 0.139 0.007 < 0.001 0.130 0.005 < 0.001 0.128 0.007 < 0.001 0.113 0.010 < 0.001 0.105 0.009 < 0.001
Physical functioning
 PF2 0.033 0.008 < 0.001 0.033 0.007 < 0.001 0.033 0.008 < 0.001 0.038 0.010 < 0.001 0.037 0.008 < 0.001
 PF3 0.065 0.010 < 0.001 0.069 0.008 < 0.001 0.070 0.008 < 0.001 0.069 0.010 < 0.001 0.074 0.008 < 0.001
 PF4 0.109 0.010 < 0.001 0.122 0.008 < 0.001 0.125 0.008 < 0.001 0.114 0.010 < 0.001 0.128 0.008 < 0.001
 PF5 0.342 0.011 < 0.001 0.344 0.010 < 0.001 0.344 0.008 < 0.001 0.347 0.010 < 0.001 0.348 0.008 < 0.001
Role limitation
 RL2 0.041 0.009 < 0.001 0.044 0.007 < 0.001 0.044 0.008 < 0.001 0.045 0.010 < 0.001 0.047 0.008 < 0.001
 RL3 0.053 0.011 < 0.001 0.052 0.009 < 0.001 0.051 0.009 < 0.001 0.058 0.011 < 0.001 0.056 0.009 < 0.001
 RL4 0.087 0.009 < 0.001 0.083 0.008 < 0.001 0.083 0.008 < 0.001 0.092 0.010 < 0.001 0.087 0.008 < 0.001
 RL5 0.089 0.010 < 0.001 0.084 0.008 < 0.001 0.083 0.008 < 0.001 0.093 0.010 < 0.001 0.088 0.008 < 0.001
Social functioning
 SF2 0.040 0.009 < 0.001 0.041 0.008 < 0.001 0.041 0.008 < 0.001 0.044 0.010 < 0.001 0.045 0.008 < 0.001
 SF3 0.053 0.010 < 0.001 0.052 0.008 < 0.001 0.052 0.008 < 0.001 0.057 0.010 < 0.001 0.056 0.008 < 0.001
 SF4 0.079 0.010 < 0.001 0.081 0.008 < 0.001 0.082 0.008 < 0.001 0.084 0.010 < 0.001 0.086 0.008 < 0.001
 SF5 0.090 0.010 < 0.001 0.094 0.008 < 0.001 0.095 0.008 < 0.001 0.094 0.010 < 0.001 0.098 0.008 < 0.001
Pain
 PN2 0.041 0.009 < 0.001 0.041 0.008 < 0.001 0.041 0.008 < 0.001 0.048 0.010 < 0.001 0.047 0.008 < 0.001
 PN3 0.067 0.011 < 0.001 0.072 0.009 < 0.001 0.073 0.009 < 0.001 0.073 0.012 < 0.001 0.078 0.009 < 0.001
 PN4 0.127 0.011 < 0.001 0.134 0.009 < 0.001 0.136 0.009 < 0.001 0.135 0.011 < 0.001 0.141 0.009 < 0.001
 PN5 0.330 0.012 < 0.001 0.338 0.010 < 0.001 0.339 0.009 < 0.001 0.338 0.011 < 0.001 0.346 0.009 < 0.001
 PN6 0.369 0.012 < 0.001 0.372 0.010 < 0.001 0.372 0.009 < 0.001 0.376 0.011 < 0.001 0.378 0.009 < 0.001
Mental health
 MH2 0.020 0.009 0.035 0.028 0.008 < 0.001 0.030 0.008 < 0.001 0.023 0.010 0.022 0.032 0.008 < 0.001
 MH3 0.052 0.011 < 0.001 0.043 0.009 < 0.001 0.041 0.008 < 0.001 0.058 0.010 < 0.001 0.048 0.008 < 0.001
 MH4 0.119 0.011 < 0.001 0.115 0.008 < 0.001 0.115 0.008 < 0.001 0.125 0.010 < 0.001 0.124 0.008 < 0.001
 MH5 0.120 0.010 < 0.001 0.116 0.008 < 0.001 0.114 0.008 < 0.001 0.127 0.010 < 0.001 0.123 0.008 < 0.001
Vitality
 VT2 0.017 0.009 0.049 0.025 0.007 < 0.001 0.027 0.008 0.001 0.019 0.010 0.054 0.027 0.008 0.001
 VT3 0.053 0.011 < 0.001 0.053 0.008 < 0.001 0.053 0.008 < 0.001 0.056 0.010 < 0.001 0.056 0.008 < 0.001
 VT4 0.090 0.011 < 0.001 0.094 0.008 < 0.001 0.095 0.009 < 0.001 0.094 0.011 < 0.001 0.097 0.009 < 0.001
 VT5 0.093 0.010 < 0.001 0.101 0.008 < 0.001 0.103 0.008 < 0.001 0.096 0.010 < 0.001 0.104 0.008 < 0.001
Breusch Pagan LM test < 0.001 (RE model was preferred) – –
Hausman test 0.409 (RE model was preferred) – –
Log likelihood − 18813.96 − 14711.84 − 9739.92 − 19169.09 − 15101.28
AIC 37679.92 29479.69 19531.84 38392.18 30258.57
BIC 37892.79 29708.93 19744.70 38613.24 30487.81
MAD 0.0610 0.0616 0.0618 0.0622 0.0626
MSD 0.0062 0.0063 0.0064 0.0065 0.0066
ICC 0.9772 0.9307 0.9301 0.9306 0.9289

Bold formatting represents non-monotonicity

AIC Akaike information criterion, BIC Bayesian information criterion, Coef. coefficient, FE fixed effects, ICC intraclass correlation coefficient, M1–5 model 1–5, MAD mean absolute difference, MH mental health, MSD mean squared difference, OLS ordinary least squares, PF physical functioning, PN pain, RE random effects, RL role limitation, SE standard error, SF social functioning, VT vitality