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. 2021 Apr 27;11:9110. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-88675-w

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Disruption of neural network ontogeny is easily quantified using neural activity score. (a) Co-culturing mixed neural cultures and microglia (BV2 cells) results in a microglia concentration-dependent disruption of neural activity (p < 0.0001, two-way repeated measures ANOVA, Tukey’s post-hoc test, n = 6/group). (b) Similarly, BV2-conditioned media treatment resulted in a similar decrease (p < 0.0193, two-way mixed ANOVA, Tukey’s post-hoc test). Additionally, 24-h LPS treatment of BV2s prior to conditioned media collection exacerbated this disruption in a concentration-dependent manner (10 ng/mL, p = 0.0003; 100 ng/mL, p < 0.0001) (n = 14/group except media control group, for which n = 12). Grey dashed lines indicate time of BV2 or CM addition. Reported statistics are Tukey’s post-hoc comparisons 24 h post-addition. Connecting letters on graphs indicate comparisons for other time points.