Table 1.
The comprehensive performance of patch antennas made of different materials
| Type | d (µm) | Efficiency (100%) | Frequency (GHz) | Substrate | Substrate thickness (mm) | σ (S m−1) | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ti3C2Tx MXene | 1 | 80–93.4 | 5.6, 10.9, and 16.4 | RT 5880 | 1.6 | 1.5 × 106 | [51] |
| 3.2 | 87–98.4 | ||||||
| 5.5 | 90.6–99 | ||||||
| Copper | 35 | 95–100 | RT 5880 | 1.6 | 5.8 × 107 | [51] | |
| EGaIn | 100 | 46–60 | 3.45 | PDMS | 1 | 3.4 × 106 | [25] |
| Copper mesh | 20 | 49–56.88 | 2.4–2.5 | acrylic | 1.2 | 1 × 106 | [26] |
| SWCNTS/EGaIn | 100 | 90 | 4 | PDMS | 0.5 | 3.4 × 106 | [27] |
| NbSe2 | 0.8 | 70.6 | 2.01–2.8 | PET | – | 9.7 × 105 | [28] |
| IZTO/Ag/IZTO | 0.1 | 7.76 | 2.45 | Acryl | 1 | – | [29] |
| Cu mesh | 5 | 42.69 | 2.45 | Acryl | 1 | – | [29] |
| EGaIn | 1500 | 75 | 5.2 | Photopolymer resin | 6 | 5.1 × 106 | [30] |
| Aligned CNTs | 8.16 | 94 | 10, 14 | RT 5870 | – | 4.63 × 106 | [31] |
| Graphene | 25 | 64.9 | 6 | PDMS | 2 | – | [32] |
| Graphene/CNTs/PMMA | – | 44.9 | 3.11 | PET | – | – | [33] |
| Silver | 3 | 11 | 2.45 | Cardboard | 0.56 | 2 × 107 | [34] |
| Silver nanowire | 500 | 41.83 | 2.92 | PDMS | 1 | 8.1 × 105 | [35] |
| Ni/Ag/Cu fabric | 130 | 58.6 | 2.45 | PDMS | 3 | – | [36] |
| Silver paint | 26.5 | 2.8 | 2.45 | NinjaFlex | 1.2 | 1.7 × 104 | [37] |