Table 3.

Outcome categories and specific measures included in the meta-analysis

Outcome category	Specific measures included	Direction
Absenteeism	1. Number of days on sick leave in previous 2 months 2. Number of weeks on full-time sick leave the preceding year 3. Number of days on sick leave	Lower is better
Alcohol	1. Patient Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Alcohol Use Subscale 2. Alcohol use disorders identification test (AUDIT) 3. Drank in the past 12 Months 4. Number of days having 5 or more drinks on one occasion in past 30 days 5. Number of drinks per drinking day in past 30 days 6. Using Alcohol to Relieve Stress	Lower is better
Anger	1. Personal and Organizational Quality Assessment: anger and resentment subscale	Lower is better
Antithrombin	2. Serum antithrombin	Lower is better
Anxiety	1. Patient Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Anxiety Subscale 2. Depression Anxiety Stress 21 Scale (Anxiety subscale) 3. State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) 4. Profile of Mood States Tension-Anxiety Subscale 5. Brief Symptom Inventory: Anxiety Subscale 6. Personal and Organizational Quality Assessment-Anxiety Subscale 7. General Health Questionnaire-Anxiety Subscale 8. Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale-Anxiety Subscale 9. Symptoms Checklist (SCL-90)-Phobic Anxiety Subscale 10. Adult Manifest Anxiety Scale 11. DASS-21: Anxiety	Lower is better
Blood pressure	1. Diastolic blood pressure 2. Systolic blood pressure	Lower is better
Burnout	1. Maslach Burnout Inventory Depersonalization Domain 2. Maslach Burnout Inventory Emotional Exhaustion Domain 3. Maslach Burnout Inventory Personal Accomplishment Domain 4. Oldenburg Burnout Inventory 5. Professional QoL: Burnout 6. Professional Quality of Life Scale 7. Maslach Burnout Inventory Overall	Lower is better
Coping	1. Emotion-Regulation Skills Questionnaire 2. Brief-Coping Orientation to Problems Experienced (Brief-COPE) 3. Operationalized 3-item coping skills measure 4. Recovery Experiences Questionnaire-Global Score	Higher is better
Cortisol	1. Serum cortisol 2. Salivary cortisol	Lower is better
Depression	1. PANAS-Negative Affect Subscale 2. PANAS-Positive Affect Subscale* (higher is better) 3. DASS-21 Scale (Depression subscale) 4. Brief Symptom Inventory: Depression Subscale 5. Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale-Depression subscale 6. Centre for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) 7. Beck Depression Inventory II 8. Personal and Organizational Quality Assessment: anxiety and depression subscale 9. Profile of Mood States Negative Mood Composite	Lower is better
DHEA	1. Salivary dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) 2. Serum dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate (DHEA-s)	Lower is better
Drug Use	1. Using prescription drugs as prescribed to relieve stress 2. Using prescription drugs not as prescribed to relieve stress	Lower is better
General Symptoms	1. General Health Questionnaire 2. Symptoms Checklist (SCL-90)-Overall	Lower is better
Heart rate	1. Average heart rate during scenarios 2. Average resting heart rate 3. High frequency (HF) heart rate variability (HRV) 4. Inter-beat Interval 5. Standard deviation of normal RR intervals 6. Maximum heart rate during scenarios 7. Heart rate recovery time	Lower is better
Prolactin	1. Serum prolactin	Lower is better
PTSD	1. Professional QoL: secondary traumatic stress 2. Posttraumatic Check List 3. Impact of events scale: intrusive subscale 4. Impact of events scale: avoidance subscale 5. Response to stressful experiences scale 6. Posttraumatic Diagnostic Scale 7. Posttraumatic Check List for DSM-5 (PCL-5)	Lower is better
Resilience	1. Freiburg Mindfulness Inventory 2. Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale 3. Acceptance and Action Questionnaire II 4. Brief Resilience Scale 5. Self-Compassion Scale 6. Resilience Scale-global score	Higher is better
Stress	1. Police Stress Questionnaire Organizational Subscale 2. Police Stress Questionnaire Operational Subscale 3. Perceived Stress Scale 4. Depression Anxiety Stress 21 Scale (Stress subscale) 5. Professional Quality of Life Scale 6. Job stress 7. Self-reported stress 8. Coping with stress: Full Scale 9. Symptoms of Distress: Full Scale	Lower is better
Suicidality	1. Concise Health Risk Tracking Scale (suicidal ideation)	Lower is better
Well-being	1. Health-Promoting Lifestyle Profile II 2. Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Global Scale 3. Professional QoL: Compassion satisfaction 4. Cognitive Fusion Questionnaire 5. Sources of support scale 6. Mental Health Continuum Short Form (MHC-SF): Overall 7. Performance-based self-esteem scale 8. Nurses Job Satisfaction	Higher is better