Figure 3.

Jasmonic acids limit the accumulation and enhance the tolerance to the toxic elements by coordinating the transport system, activity of antioxidant enzymes, and chelating capacity in plants. Heavy metals and metalloids trigger the generation of JA partially via the ROS or Ca²⁺ signaling routes, in which Ca²⁺ channels such as annexins and GLRs may be involved. Active forms of JAs are perceived and transmitted to the downstream targets including secondary transcriptional factors through SCF^COI-JAZ complex. The enhanced tolerance and reduced accumulation of toxic elements is attributed to the enhanced ROS scavenging activity, chelating capacity, and coordinated transport system. GLRs, glutamate receptor-like proteins; CaMs, calmodulins; CMLs, CaM-like proteins; CBLs, calcineurin B-like proteins; CDPKs, calcium-dependent protein kinases. GSH, glutathione; PCs, phytochelatins; MTs, metallothioneins; γ-ECS, γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase; GR, glutathione reductase; CAT, catalase; POD, peroxidase; SOD, superoxide dismutase; and APX, ascorbate peroxidase.