Table 1.

Neuroanatomical and neuroimaging numbers in humans and NHPs.

Neuroanatomical numbers	Human	Chimpanzee	Macaque	Marmoset
Brain^a
Brain size [cm³] (mean ± sd)	1395 ± 142	404 ± 32	90 ± 17	7.5 ± 0.5
Volume ratio [%]	100	29	6.5	0.53
Isometric scale ratio of brain volume [%]	100	66	40	18
Cerebral cortex^a
Surface area [cm²/hemisphere]	945	317	106	9.9
Isometric scale ratio of cortical surface [%]	100	58	34	10
Cortical thickness (median) [mm]	2.7	2.5	2.1	1.6
Cortical thickness (5 percentile) [mm]	2.0	1.7	1.4	0.9
Cortical thickness (minimum) [mm]	1.5	1.1	0.9	0.6
Number of cortical areas	178^b	N.A.	130^e	116^h,i,j
	180^c		161^f	54,106^k
	200^d		91^g
Neuroimaging numbers Protocol^l	YA-HCP	Yerkes	NHP_NNP	NHP_NNP
Spatial resolution of MRI [mm]
Structural MRI	0.8	0.8	0.5	0.36
Functional MRI	2.0	NA	1.25	1.0
Diffusion MRI	1.25	1.8	0.9	0.8
Temporal resolution of fMRI
Repetition time (TR) [s]	0.72	NA	0.755	0.76
#Time points per subject	4800	NA	8092	8092
Multi-band factor (cross-plane acceleration)	8	NA	5	2
Diffusion weighting gradients
b-values	0,1000,2000,3000	0,1000	0,1000,2000,3000	0,1000,2000,3000
# direction of diffusion encoding gradients	270	60	500	500

Statistics of brain and cerebral cortex are from Human Connectome Project (YA-HCP) (N=1092 subject and 2184 hemispheres), YerkesChimp29 (N=29 subjects, 58 hemispheres) (Donahue et al., 2018), initial NHP_NNP macaque data, Mac30BS (N=30 subjects, 60 hemispheres) and NHP_NNP marmoset data (N=50 subjects, 100 hemispheres).The brain size and cortical area were estimated by brainmask_fs.nii.gz and midthickness surface in native T1w space, both calculated by HCP and HCP-NHP pipelines.

Gordon et al. (2016).

Glasser et al. (2016a, 2016b).

Nieuwenhuys et al. (2015).

Van Essen et al. (2012a).

Paxinos et al. (1999).

Markov et al. (2014a).

Paxinos et al. (2011).

ⁱ

Majka et al. (2016).

Hashikawa et al. (2015).

Liu et al. (2018).

Neuroimaging protocols are from the young-adult Human Connectome Project (YA-HCP) (Van Essen et al., 2012c), Yerkes for chimpanzee study (Donahue et al., 2018) and NHP Neuroimaging & Neuroanatomy Project (NHP_NNP) for macaque and marmosets (Autio et al., 2020b). The imaging protocols of NHP_NNP are available at https://brainminds-beyond.riken.jp/hcp-nhp-protocol/.