PDI counteracts the IL-4-induced IL-9 from TolDCs. A, bars show mean ± SEM of IL-9 levels in TolDC culture supernatant of three experiments in the presence of IL-4 at indicated concentrations (denoted on the X axis; the ratio of IL-4:PDI is wt:wt) for 48 h. RNAi: TolDCs were treated with DEC205 RNAi. cRNAi: TolDCs were treated with control RNAi. B, TolDCs were treated with IL-4 (100 pg/ml) alone, or pretreated with PDI (100 ng/ml) for 30 min, then added IL-4 (100 pg/ml) to the culture for 48 h. Bars show mean ± SEM of IL-9 levels in TolDC culture supernatant of three experiments. C and D, TolDCs were treated with IL-4 (100 pg/ml) and gradient concentrations of PDI (denoted on the X axis) in the culture for 48 h. Bars show mean ± SEM of IL-9 (C) or TGF-β (D) in culture supernatant. ∗, p < 0.01 (ANOVA with Dunnett’s test), compared with the dose 0 (A), or the saline group (B), or the dose 1:0 (C, D). The data represent three independent experiments (each sample was analyzed in triplicate with average of the three readouts as one datum).