Table 3.
Education and developmental interventions at 5½ years by gestational age group among survivors in the EPIPAGE-2 study. Values are percentages (95% confidence interval). Observed and imputed data*
| Preterm children | Reference sample born at term | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 24-26 weeks | 27-31 weeks | 32-34 weeks | P for trend† | |||||||
| No/total No, % (95% CI) |
Multiple imputation (%; (95% CI)) | No/total No, % (95% CI) |
Multiple imputation (%; (95% CI)) | No/total No, % (95% CI) |
Multiple imputation (%; (95% CI)) | |||||
| Education: | ||||||||||
| School enrolment |
371/372, 99.7 (98.5 to 100) | 99.3 (97.9 to 100) | 1881/1888, 99.6 (99.2 to 99.9) | 99.2 (97.0 to 100) | 755/755, 100 | 99.7 (97.3 to 100) | 0.05 | 99.9 (99.2 to 100) | ||
| Type of schooling: | ||||||||||
| No | 369 | — | 1862 | — | 749 | — | — | — | ||
| Mainstream class without support§ |
78.6 (74.0 to 82.7) | 72.7 (68.3 to 77.1) | 89.6 (88.2 to 91.0) | 86.0 (84.1 to 87.9) | 95.5 (93.7 to 96.8) | 93.3 (91.0 to 95.6) | <0.001‡ | 97.3 (93.9 to 99.1) | ||
| Mainstream class with support§ | 19.5 (15.6 to 23.9) | 24.0 (19.6 to 28.4) | 9.7 (8.4 to 11.1) | 12.6 (10.9 to 14.4) | 4.1 (2.8 to 5.8) | 6.0 (4.0 to 8.1) | 2.5 (0.8 to 6.0) | |||
| Special school for children with handicap¶ |
1.9 (0.8 to 3.9) | 3.3 (1.5 to 5.1) | 0.6 (0.3 to 1.1) | 1.3 (0.7 to 2.0) | 0.4 (0.1 to 1.2) | 0.7 (0.0 to 1.5) | 0.1 (0.0 to 0.9) | |||
| Support§ or special school¶ by group of neurodevelopmental disabilities**: | ||||||||||
| Severe NDD | 80.8 (60.6 to 93.4) | 84.8 (74.2 to 95.4) | 67.5 (56.1 to 77.6) | 73.8 (65.3 to 82.4) | 44.4 (13.7 to 78.8) | 64.9 (44.0 to 85.8) | 0.07 | 12.6 (0.0 to 79.9) | ||
| Moderate NDD | 47.4 (31 to 64.2) | 54.3 (41.6 to 67.0) | 31.3 (24 to 39.4) | 38.4 (31.5 to 45.4) | 15 (5.7 to 29.8) | 24.1 (12.4 to 35.7) | <0.001 | 19.2 (0.6 to 68.5) | ||
| Mild NDD | 16.3 (10.4 to 23.8) | 19.9 (13.5 to 26.3) | 7.7 (5.6 to 10.2) | 10.5 (7.9 to 13.1) | 3.9 (1.7 to 7.6) | 6.1 (2.7 to 9.6) | <0.001 | 4.5 (1.0 to 12.5) | ||
| None | 3.1 (0.8 to 7.7) | 3.6 (0.5 to 6.8) | 1.4 (0.7 to 2.4) | 1.9 (0.9 to 2.9) | 1.0 (0.3 to 2.6) | 1.1 (0.1 to 2.2) | 0.09 | 0 | ||
| Complex developmental intervention: | ||||||||||
| No | 364 | — | 1846 | — | 742 | — | — | — | ||
| Psychologist or psychiatrist†† | 16.1 (12.5 to 20.3) | 19.9 (15.3 to 24.5) | 11.7 (10.3 to 13.2) | 15.1 (12.9 to 17.3) | 8.2 (6.3 to 10.4) | 11.7 (8.8 to 14.5) | <0.001 | 8.8 (5.8 to 12.6) | ||
| Orthoptist†† | 13.3 (9.9 to 17.3) | 14.9 (10.8 to 18.9) | 8.0 (6.8 to 9.4) | 9.3 (7.3 to 11.3) | 4.9 (3.5 to 6.8) | 6.3 (4.0 to 8.7) | <0.001 | 4.8 (2.5 to 8.3) | ||
| Speech therapist†† | 31.1 (26.3 to 36.3) | 34.3 (29.4 to 39.3) | 16.5 (14.8 to 18.3) | 19.4 (17.2 to 21.6) | 14.1 (11.7 to 16.8) | 17.1 (14.2 to 20.0) | <0.001 | 13.9 (9.6 to 19.2) | ||
| Psychomotor therapist†† | 23.6 (19.3 to 28.4) | 29.9 (24.3 to 35.6) | 11 (9.6 to 12.6) | 15.4 (12.8 to 17.9) | 3.4 (2.2 to 5.0) | 7.0 (4.2 to 9.8) | <0.001 | 3.3 (1.6 to 5.8) | ||
| Physiotherapist†† | 5.6 (3.5 to 8.5) | 10.2 (6.6 to 13.8) | 4.3 (3.4 to 5.4) | 7.3 (5.3 to 9.4) | 1.1 (0.5 to 2.1) | 4.0 (1.9 to 6.1) | <0.001 | 1.2 (0.2 to 3.8) | ||
| At least one specialised service‡‡ | 187/364, 51.4 (46.1 to 56.6) | 51.9 (46.4 to 57.3) | 605/1846 | 33.3 (30.3 to 36.2) | 189/742, 25.5 (22.4 to 28.8) | 25.6 (21.8 to 29.4) | — | 24.7 (19.6 to 30.4) | ||
| 32.8 (30.6 to 35.0) | ||||||||||
| Severe NDD** | 85.2 (66.3 to 95.8) | 77.5 (57.0 to 98.0) | 79.3 (68.9 to 87.4) | 71.6 (56.9 to 86.4) | 55.6 (21.2 to 86.3) | 60.0 (34.5 to 85.5) | 0.17 | 79.0 (22.1 to 99.7) | ||
| Moderate NDD** | 63.9 (46.2 to 79.2) | 65.9 (53.4 to 78.3) | 60.1 (51.8 to 68.1) | 56.2 (49.4 to 63.0) | 27.5 (14.6 to 43.9) | 35.1 (22.4 to 47.9) | <0.001 | 60.1 (24.6 to 89.0) | ||
| Mild NDD** | 54.0 (44.9 to 62.9) | 54.2 (46.1 to 62.3) | 35.5 (31.6 to 39.7) | 34.3 (29.7 to 38.9) | 37.3 (30.6 to 44.4) | 32.0 (25.6 to 38.4) | <0.001 | 43.3 (30.0 to 57.3) | ||
| None | 33.8 (25.8 to 42.7) | 33.6 (25.7 to 41.5) | 20.7 (18.0 to 23.7) | 20.8 (18.2 to 23.4) | 18.9 (15.2 to 23.2) | 18.3 (14.6 to 22.0) | 0.003 | 15.8 (11.4 to 21.0) | ||
| Request to MDPH |
100/368, 27.2 (22.7 to 32.0) | 31.1 (25.9 to 36.2) | 262/1849, 14.2 (12.6 to 15.8) | 17.1 (14.8 to 19.3) | 44/739, 6.0 (4.4 to 7.9) | 7.8 (5.4 to 10.2) | <0.001 | 6.0 (3.1 to 10.4) | ||
MDPH=Maison Départementale des Personnes Handicapées, a French institution that allows extra educational support or grants money to parents according to the level of disability; NDD=neurodevelopmental disabilities.
For preterm born children, results of both observed data and imputed data are reported. For term born children (37-41 weeks), data are weighted using calibration weighting (web appendix 1).
Test for linear trend across gestational age groups, after multiple imputation. Test based on generalised estimating equations to account for non-independence of outcomes related to multiple births.
χ2 test for difference between 24 and 26 weeks, 27 and 31 weeks, and 32 and34 weeks, after multiple imputation. Test based on generalised estimating equations to account for non-independence of outcomes related to multiple births.
Support is defined as either part or full time, face to face learning support provided by a dedicated professional.
Institution or special school specifically adapted for disabled children.
Include cerebral palsy, vision, hearing, full scale intelligence quotient, developmental coordination disorders, and behavioural difficulties (table 1).
At least two consultations during the past 12 months.
At least two consultations with psychologist, psychiatrist, orthoptist, speech therapist, occupational therapist, physiotherapist, during the past 12 months.