Table 4.
Parents’ concerns about child development at 5½ years by gestational age group among survivors in the EPIPAGE-2 study. Values are percentages (95% confidence interval). Observed and imputed data*
| Parents’ concerns about child development | Preterm children | Reference sample born at term | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 24-26 weeks | 27-31 weeks | 32-34 weeks | P for trend† | |||||||
| No/total No, % (95% CI) |
Multiple imputation (%; (95% CI)) | No/total No, % (95% CI) |
Multiple imputation (%; (95% CI)) | No/total No, % (95% CI) |
Multiple imputation (%; (95% CI)) | |||||
| No | 364 | — | 1814 | — | 724 | — | — | — | ||
| Speech | 20.9 (16.8 to 25.4) | 24.1 (19.4 to 28.7) | 15.2 (13.6 to 16.9) | 17.5 (15.5 to 19.4) | 13.9 (11.5 to 16.6) | 15.6 (12.7 to 18.4) | 0.002 | 14.9 (10.4 to 20.3) | ||
| Coordination | 16.3 (12.7 to 20.6) | 17.6 (13.7 to 21.4) | 11.6 (10.1 to 13.1) | 12.4 (10.5 to 14.3) | 4.8 (3.3 to 6.6) | 5.4 (3.5 to 7.3) | <0.001 | 4.4 (2.0 to 8.5) | ||
| Learning | 25.6 (21.2 to 30.4) | 28.6 (24.1 to 33.1) | 18.6 (16.8 to 20.4) | 20.4 (18.1 to 22.7) | 9.7 (7.7 to 12.1) | 11.1 (8.5 to 13.6) | <0.001 | 9.7 (6.2 to 14.2) | ||
| Behaviour | 41.4 (36.3 to 46.6) | 44.5 (39.6 to 49.4) | 29.4 (27.4 to 31.6) | 31.6 (29.3 to 33.9) | 21.3 (18.4 to 24.4) | 23.2 (20.2 to 26.2) | <0.001 | 25.4 (20.1 to 31.3) | ||
| At least one concern |
202/364, 55.5 (50.2 to 60.7) | 57.4 (52.6 to 62.2) | 742/1814, 40.9 (38.6 to 43.2) | 42.8 (40.4 to 45.2) | 222/724, 30.7 (27.3 to 34.2) | 32.9 (29.3 to 36.5) | <0.001 | 32.8 (27.1 to 39.0) | ||
| By group of NDD‡: | ||||||||||
| Severe NDD | 92.3 (74.9 to 99.1) | 88.0 (78.1 to 97.8) | 82.7 (72.7 to 90.2) | 84.0 (76.6 to 91.5) | 100 (-) | 83.4 (66.6 to 100) | 0.48 | 100 (–) | ||
| Moderate NDD | 81.6 (65.7 to 92.3) | 79.9 (69.1 to 90.6) | 66.9 (58.6 to 74.5) | 68.6 (62.4 to 74.7) | 56.4 (39.6 to 72.2) | 57.9 (45.3 to 70.5) | 0.012 | 90.2 (53.3 to 99.8) | ||
| Mild NDD | 63.0 (54.0 to 71.4) | 60.5 (52.7 to 68.3) | 52.5 (48.2 to 56.8) | 50.2 (46.4 to 54.0) | 48.5 (41.3 to 55.7) | 44.5 (38.5 to 50.4) | 0.002 | 52.5 (38.6 to 66.0) | ||
| None | 33.1 (25.0 to 42.0) | 32.6 (24.8 to 40.3) | 24.0 (21.1 to 27.1) | 24.1 (21.2 to 27.1) | 18.6 (14.8 to 22.9) | 18.9 (15.2 to 22.6) | <0.001 | 21.3 (15.9 to 27.5) | ||
NDD=neurodevelopmental disabilities.
For preterm born children, results of both observed data and imputed data are reported. For term born children (37-41 weeks), data are weighted using calibration weighting (web appendix 1).
Test for linear trend across gestational age groups, after multiple imputation. Test based on generalised estimating equations to account for non-independence of outcomes related to multiple births.
Include cerebral palsy, vision, hearing, full scale intelligence quotient, developmental coordination disorders, and behavioural difficulties (table 1).