Table 2.
List of data elements extracted from the selected articles.
| Types of data elements | Description | ||
| General | |||
|
|
Author | First author’s last name | |
|
|
Title | Title of the article | |
|
|
Year | Publication year of the article | |
|
|
Country | First author’s affiliated country | |
|
|
Type | Type of article (eg, journal article, conference paper, book chapter, and whitepaper) | |
|
|
Publisher | Name of publisher of the article | |
| Blockchain | |||
|
|
Name of blockchain PHRa | Name of the blockchain PHR (if any) | |
|
|
Maturity | Maturity level of the blockchain PHR described (ie, concept/framework, prototype, and pilot/implementation) | |
|
|
Blockchain type | Type of blockchain (ie, public, consortium, private, or a combination) | |
|
|
Blockchain name | Name of the blockchain used (if any) | |
|
|
Data storage | Type of data storage mechanism (ie, on-chain, off-chain, or hybrid) | |
|
|
Scaling solution | Type of scaling solution used in the blockchain PHR (if any) | |
|
|
Incentive smart contract | Was a smart contract used to incentivize use of the blockchain PHR? (yes or no) | |
| PHR | |||
|
|
PHR type | Type of PHR (ie, standalone or tethered to an existing EMRb system) | |
|
|
Data owner | Party that owned the data from the blockchain PHR (ie, patient, provider, or both) | |
|
|
Read-write access (for patients) | Was the patient given read and/or write access in the blockchain PHR? (yes or no) | |
|
|
Read-write access (for providers) | Was the provider given read and/or write access in the blockchain PHR? (yes or no) | |
|
|
Read-write access (for other parties) | Were other parties given read and/or write access in the blockchain PHR? (yes or no) | |
|
|
Semantic standard | Type of semantic standard adopted (eg, HL-7c and FHIRd) | |
|
|
Privacy standard | Type of privacy standard adopted (eg, HIPAAe and GDPRf) | |
|
|
User interface | Modality of accessing the blockchain PHR (ie, web, mobile, or desktop application) | |
| Additional | |||
|
|
Limitations | Current limitations of the blockchain PHR | |
|
|
Future directions | Future directions and opportunities described | |
aPHR: personal health record.
bEMR: electronic medical record.
cHL-7: health level 7.
dFHIR: Fast Healthcare Interoperability Resource.
eHIPAA: Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act.
fGDPR: General Data Protection Regulation.