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. 2021 Apr 27;21:67. doi: 10.1186/s12862-021-01808-7

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 1 — a Assumed Holocene distribution (red fill) of Hoplodactylus duvaucelii, showing extant modern northern/southern populations (circles, crosses and triangles) and subfossil collection localities (stars). Numbers denote sampled Holocene subfossil collection localities (1–7), with letters corresponding to subfossil specimens (A-J): Little Lost World, Waitomo (1—A); Companionway Cave, Waitomo (2—K); Mataikona River, Wairarapa (3—I); Gouland Downs, Tasman (4—G); Takaka Hill, Tasman (5—H); Ardenest, North Canterbury (6 – B/C/D/E/F); Earthquakes, North Otago (7—J). b Surface models of a diplodactylid maxilla in lateral (top), dorsal (middle) and medial (bottom) views demonstrating placement of fixed landmarks (black circles) and equally spaced semilandmarks (white circles). Numbers and C-prefixed numbers correspond to anatomical landmark descriptions (Additional file 1: Table S2.3)