Fig. 3—
Four-dimensional extended cardiac-torso (XCAT) phantom developed at Duke University shows three coronavirus disease (COVID-19) abnormalities with different shapes. Left and center phantoms show ground-glass opacities and right phantom shows consolidation. Top images show voxelized renditions (ground truth) of phantoms, and insets show enlarged view for better visibility of details and small structures. Bottom images show surface-based rendition of same COVID-19 abnormalities incorporated into adult male XCAT phantom.