Table 6.

Within-subject comparisons to analyze mean changes over time

	Time 1		Time 2
	M	SD	M	SD	t	p	Cohen’s d	Higher	Smaller	Equal
Well-being	4.140	1.367	4.340	1.289	− 2.329	0.021	− 0.129	91	70	23
Productivity	0.990	0.419	1.032	0.436	− 1.575	0.117	− 0.116	87	77	19
Boredom	2.936	1.136	2.927	1.158	− 0.330	0.742	− 0.019	91	79	14
Behavioral-disengagement	1.805	0.936	2.062	1.030	− 3.621	< 0.001	− 0.256	82	40	62
Self-blame	1.812	0.990	1.880	1.013	− 0.962	0.337	− 0.062	60	52	72
Need for Relatedness	3.497	0.830	3.559	0.803	− 1.130	0.260	− 0.063	86	73	25
Need for Competence	3.572	0.735	3.582	0.731	− 0.040	0.968	− 0.002	82	82	20
Need for Autonomy	3.483	0.688	3.511	0.732	− 0.572	0.568	− 0.029	88	67	29
Communication	4.534	0.996	4.292	1.185	3.244	0.001	0.199	57	81	38
Stress	2.501	0.807	2.520	0.797	− 0.593	0.554	− 0.032	81	64	39
Daily routines	4.681	1.561	4.717	1.533	− 0.108	0.914	− 0.006	71	72	41
Distractions	2.466	0.934	2.443	0.895	0.188	0.851	0.012	58	64	62
Generalized anxiety	2.245	1	2.174	1.010	1.246	0.214	0.064	69	90	25
Emotional loneliness	2.111	0.903	2.007	0.871	2.077	0.039	0.114	54	79	51
Social loneliness	2.641	1.004	2.563	1.017	0.807	0.421	0.047	65	79	40
Quality of social contacts	4.109	1.093	4.312	1.077	− 2.612	0.010	− 0.159	91	54	39
Extraversion	3.448	0.786	3.457	0.778	− 0.195	0.846	− 0.009	73	59	52
Quality of Sleep	4.130	1.754	4.174	1.686	0.310	0.757	0.016	54	51	79

Note. t: t-value of a paired sample t-test; Higher: Absolute number of people who scored higher on a variable at time 2 compared to time 1; Smaller: Number of people who scored lower at time 2; Equal: People whose score has not changed over time