Table 1.
Impact on COVID-19 stigma.
| Panel A | Stigma Index | Perception that COVID-19 is spread in India by |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Foreign nationals | Health care workers | Sanitary workers | Police | ||
| Treatment | −7.008*** (0.372) |
−2.449*** (0.054) |
−2.305*** (0.058) |
−2.172*** (0.055) |
−1.705*** (0.053) |
| Effect size | −2.834 | −3.733 | −3.188 | −2.971 | −2.255 |
| FWER p-values | [0.001] | [0.001] | [0.001] | [0.001] | [0.001] |
| R-squared | 0.733 | 0.730 | 0.652 | 0.673 | 0.501 |
| Control Mean | 19.598 | 4.510 | 4.089 | 3.938 | 3.815 |
| No. of observations | 2117 | 2117 | 2117 | 2117 | 2117 |
| Panel B |
Perception that COVID-19 is spread in India by |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Outgroup: |
Backward |
General |
Muslim |
Hindu |
BPL |
APL |
| Sub-sample |
General |
Backward |
Hindu |
Muslim |
APL |
BPL |
| (respondent) | ||||||
| Treatment | −2.092*** (0.110) |
−2.055*** (0.060) |
−2.534*** (0.049) |
−2.918*** (0.061) |
−2.180*** (0.086) |
−2.150*** (0.081) |
| Effect size | −2.728 | −2.823 | −3.510 | −4.574 | −2.633 | −3.228 |
| R-squared | 0.654 | 0.574 | 0.847 | 0.884 | 0.688 | 0.639 |
| Control Mean | 3.921 | 3.979 | 4.470 | 4.211 | 3.797 | 4.094 |
| No. of observations | 776 | 1341 | 1667 | 450 | 967 | 1150 |
Note: All regressions also include controls for age, religion (Hindu or Muslim) and caste (General or backward such as SC/ST/OBC) of the respondent, gender, disability status, marital status, college educated dummy, employed dummy, household size, below poverty level dummy and locality fixed effects. See online Appendix B for variable definitions. Effect size is measured as treatment coefficient divided by the standard deviation of control group in endline for a continuous variable. Standard errors are clustered at the locality level. ***p < 0.01, **p < 0.05, *p < 0.1. The Family Wise Error Rate (FWER) adjusted p-value was estimated using the free step-down resampling approach of Westfall and Young (1993).