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. 2020 Jul 17;52(7):1128–1139. doi: 10.1038/s12276-020-0469-y

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 5 — a Dietary intake changes during the 4 weeks of the experimental period. b Representative H&E-stained lung tissues from mice in the control, emphysema, and emphysema with SCFA supplementation groups (magnification: 100×). c The MLI of lung tissues from each group. d, e The levels of the cytokines IL-6 and IFN-γ in the BALF (d) and serum (e) measured using ELISA. f The relative mRNA levels of TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-8, IL-18, IRF-5, TGF-β, MMP-9, MMP-12, and Cathepsin S in the lung tissue (n = 5 mice per group; n = 4 control mice for IL-6 analysis in BALF). Values are expressed as the mean ± SE. *P < 0.05 and **P < 0.01. CTL control, E emphysema.