Fig. 1. Stimulation of TLR2 and kinetics of α-synuclein fibril uptake by neurons, astrocytes, and microglia.

a Experimental scheme of the α-syn uptake assay. b–d dSY5Y cells (b), human primary astrocytes (c), and BV2 microglia (d) were treated with α-syn fibrils (200 nM) in the presence or absence of pam₃CSK4 (10 μg/ml) for the indicated duration. Whole-cell lysates were probed for α-synuclein, p62, and β-actin. The levels of α-synuclein and p62 were determined by densitometric quantification. The data are the mean ± SEM. *p < 0.05 and ***p < 0.001.