. 2021 Apr 28;4:76. doi: 10.1038/s41746-021-00435-2

Table 4.

Results for demographic and psychological traits (Model 1), seasonal (Model 2), and weather variables (Model 3) predicting bedtime.

	Model 1				Model 2				Model 3
Predictors	Est	Std. beta	CI	Std. CI	Est	Std. beta	CI	Std. CI	Est	Std. beta	CI	Std. CI
(Intercept)	3.48	−0.13	−1.50 to 8.46	−0.29 to 0.03	3.55	−0.17	−1.43 to 8.54	−0.32 to −0.01	3.61	−0.15	−1.38 to 8.59	−0.31 to 0.00
Age	−0.01^*	−0.07	−0.02 to −0.00	−0.13 to −0.00	−0.01^*	−0.07	−0.02 to −0.00	−0.13 to −0.00	−0.01^*	−0.07	−0.02 to −0.00	−0.13 to −0.00
Gender (male)	0.16	0.10	−0.09 to 0.40	−0.06 to 0.26	0.16	0.10	−0.09 to 0.40	−0.06 to 0.26	0.16	0.10	−0.09 to 0.40	−0.06 to 0.26
Affect balance	−0.00	−0.01	−0.02 to 0.02	−0.10 to 0.09	−0.00	−0.01	−0.02 to 0.02	−0.10 to 0.09	−0.00	−0.01	−0.02 to 0.02	−0.10 to 0.09
Openness	0.19^*	0.08	0.03 to 0.34	0.01 to 0.14	0.19^*	0.08	0.03 to 0.34	0.01 to 0.14	0.19^*	0.08	0.03 to 0.34	0.01 to 0.14
Conscientiousness	−0.07	−0.03	−0.24 to 0.09	−0.11 to 0.04	−0.07	−0.03	−0.24 to 0.09	−0.11 to 0.04	−0.07	−0.03	−0.24 to 0.09	−0.11 to 0.04
Agreeableness	−0.08	−0.03	−0.27 to 0.12	−0.10–0.04	−0.08	−0.03	−0.27 to 0.12	−0.10 to 0.04	−0.07	−0.03	−0.27 to 0.12	−0.10 to 0.04
Extraversion	0.09	0.04	−0.08 to 0.26	−0.03 to 0.11	0.09	0.04	−0.08 to 0.26	−0.03 to 0.11	0.09	0.04	−0.08 to 0.26	−0.03 to 0.11
Neuroticism	−0.04	−0.02	−0.20 to 0.13	−0.10 to 0.06	−0.04	−0.02	−0.20 to 0.13	−0.10 to 0.06	−0.04	−0.02	−0.20 to 0.13	−0.10 to 0.07
Organization (O2)	0.45	0.29	−0.00 to 0.89	−0.00 to 0.58	0.45	0.29	−0.00 to 0.89	−0.00 to 0.58	0.44	0.29	−0.00 to 0.89	−0.00 to 0.58
Organization (O3)	0.37	0.24	−0.08 to 0.81	−0.05 to 0.53	0.37	0.24	−0.08 to 0.81	−0.05 to 0.53	0.37	0.24	−0.08 to 0.81	−0.05 to 0.53
Organization (U)	0.18	0.12	−0.08 to 0.44	−0.05 to 0.29	0.18	0.12	−0.08 to 0.44	−0.05 to 0.29	0.18	0.11	−0.08 to 0.44	−0.06 to 0.28
Supervise (yes)	−0.15	−0.10	−0.37 to 0.08	−0.24 to 0.05	−0.15	−0.10	−0.38 to 0.08	−0.24 to 0.05	−0.15	−0.10	−0.38 to 0.08	−0.24 to 0.05
Latitude	−0.05	−0.05	−0.15 to 0.05	−0.15 to 0.05	−0.05	−0.05	−0.15 to 0.05	−0.15 to 0.05	−0.04	−0.04	−0.15 to 0.06	−0.14 to 0.06
Longitude	−0.00	−0.00	−0.02 to 0.02	−0.08 to 0.08	−0.00	−0.00	−0.02 to 0.02	−0.08 to 0.08	−0.00	−0.00	−0.02 to 0.02	−0.08 to 0.08
psqi	0.01	0.02	−0.03 to 0.06	−0.05 to 0.09	0.01	0.02	−0.03 to 0.06	−0.05 to 0.09	0.01	0.02	−0.04 to 0.06	−0.05 to 0.09
Chronotype	−0.05^***	−0.29	−0.06 to −0.04	−0.35 to −0.23	−0.05^***	−0.29	−0.06 to −0.04	−0.36 to −0.23	−0.05^***	−0.29	−0.06 to −0.04	−0.36 to −0.23
Season (fall)					0.01	0.00	−0.02 to 0.04	−0.02 to 0.03	−0.02	−0.01	−0.06 to 0.02	−0.04 to 0.01
Season (spring)					0.08^**	0.05	0.02 to 0.14	0.01 to 0.09	0.07^*	0.04	0.01 to 0.12	0.01 to 0.08
Season (summer)					0.13^***	0.09	0.08 to 0.19	0.05 to 0.12	0.10^**	0.06	0.04 to 0.15	0.02 to 0.10
Day length					−0.01	−0.01	−0.02 to 0.00	−0.03 to 0.00	−0.03^***	−0.03	−0.04 to −0.01	−0.05 to −0.01
Outdoor temperature principal component									0.01^***	0.03	0.00 to 0.01	0.01 to 0.04
Wind principal component									0.00	0.00	−0.01 to 0.01	−0.01 to 0.01
Humidity-cloudcover principal component									−0.00	−0.00	−0.01 to 0.01	−0.01 to 0.01
Random effects
σ²	1.65				1.65				1.65
τ₀₀	0.45_participant				0.45_participant				0.45_participant
ICC	0.22				0.22				0.22
BIC	174,348				174,371				174420
N	216_participant				216_participant				216_participant
Observations	51,836				51,836				51,836
Marginal R²/conditional R²	0.122/0.311				0.122/0.312				0.123/0.312

*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001.

The reference categories for gender, organization, supervise, time zone, and season are Female, Organization O1, non-supervisors, central time zone, and winter season, respectively. Est gives the unstandardized beta coefficient, std. beta gives the standardized beta coefficient, CI gives the unstandardized confidence interval, while std. CI gives the standardized confidence interval. Significant coefficients are highlighted in bold.