TABLE 4.

Clinical and demographic factors predictive of receiving ES (n = 16,373) in comparison to NES (n = 14,115) for PA

Covariate	Univariate OR (95% CI)	p Value	Multivariate OR (95% CI)	p Value
Age, yrs
<65	1 [Reference]		1 [Reference]
≥65	0.952 (0.905–1.002)	0.06	NS
Sex
Male	1 [Reference]		1 [Reference]
Female	1.011 (0.967–1.058)	0.63	NS
Race
Caucasian	1 [Reference]		1 [Reference]
African American	0.818 (0.772–0.866)	<0.01*	0.852 (0.783–0.927)	<0.01*
Other	1.063 (0.969–1.165)	0.20	1.030 (0.899–1.181)	0.68
Yr of diagnosis, continuous	1.163 (1.150–1.177)	<0.01*	1.162 (1.141–1.185)	<0.01
Tumor size
<2 cm	1 [Reference]		1 [Reference]
≥2 cm	0.838 (0.790–0.888)	<0.01*	0.885 (0.825–0.950)	<0.01
C/D index
0	1 [Reference]		1 [Reference]
≥1	1.055 (1.002–1.112)	0.04	1.101 (1.025–1.184)	0.01
Facility type
Nonacademic	1 [Reference]		1 [Reference]
Academic	1.669 (1.583–1.760)	<0.01*	1.673 (1.564–1.789)	<0.01*
Insurance status
Government	1 [Reference]
Private	1.065 (1.016–1.118)	0.01	1.094 (1.022–1.170)	0.01
Uninsured	0.654 (0.586–0.731)	<0.01*	0.677 (0.574–0.798)	<0.01*
Income
<$48,000	1 [Reference]		1 [Reference]
≥$48,000	1.165 (1.112–1.219)	<0.01*	1.112 (1.028–1.203)	0.01
Zip code, residents w/o HSD
<13%	1 [Reference]		1 [Reference]
≥13%	0.853 (0.816–0.893)	<0.01*	1.014 (0.939–1.095)	0.72
Urban/rural population
Metro counties	1 [Reference]		1 [Reference]
Urban or rural counties	0.993 (0.931–1.058)	0.82	NS
Distance to provider
<20 miles	1 [Reference]		1 [Reference]
≥20 miles	1.305 (1.248–1.366)	<0.01*	1.167 (1.091–1.249)	<0.01*

NS = not significant.

p values < 0.001.