Table 1.
Patient Characteristics
| Mean ± SD (range) age, years | 53 ± 14.9 (17–83) |
| Male/female, n (%) | 96/94 (50.5/49.5) |
| Race, n (%) | |
| White | 115 (60.5) |
| Black | 5 (2.6) |
| Latino | 22 (11.6) |
| Asian | 22 (11.6) |
| Other | 26 (13.7) |
| Mean ± SD (range) BMI | 28.8 ± 8.0 (16.9–60.7) |
| Medical history, n (%) | |
| Diabetes | 34 (17.9) |
| Hypertension | 46 (24.2) |
| Symptoms, n (%) | |
| Asymptomatic | 17 (8.9) |
| Infection | 49 (25.8) |
| Mean ± SD (range) stone size, mm | 29.4 ± 26.6 (2–160) |
| Guy stone score, n (%) | |
| Grade 3 or higher | 56 (29.5) |
| Grade 2 or lower | 134 (70.5) |
| ASA score, mean ± SD (range) | 2.1 ± 0.60 (1–4) |
| Language | |
| English | 160 (84.2) |
| Non-English | 30 (15.8) |
| Education | |
| No college | 58 (30.5) |
| Some college or more | 132 (69.5) |
| Mean ± SD (range) distance from tertiary center, miles | 68.2 ± 74.2 (0–409) |
| Mean ± SD (range) urologist density, per 100,000 people | 3.7 ± 2.2 (0–7.0) |
| Low income, n (%) | 50 (26.3) |
| Clinic delay, mean ± SD (range) days | 110 ± 118 (0–493) |
| Insurance type, n (%) | |
| Commercial | 107 (55.8) |
| Medicare | 45 (23.7) |
| Medicaid | 38 (20.0) |
| Need for second-stage surgery, n (%) | 19 (10.0) |
| Complications, n (%) | 21a (15.6) |
| Prolonged hospitalization, n (%) | 33b (24.4) |
| Total cost overall and by procedure, mean ± SD (range), USD | |
| Total | 14,232 ± 8202 (4736–64,948) |
| PCNL (n = 78, 41.1%) | 18,698 ± 7680 (10,429–64,948) |
| URS (n = 105, 55.2%) | 10,856 ± 6705 (4736–53,480) |
| SWL (n = 3, 1.6%) | 5529 ± 287 (5198–5699) |
| Otherc (n = 4, 2.1%) | 22,247 ± 9366 (14,824–35,875) |
a
Out of 135 patients.
b
Out of 135 patients.
c
Three laparoscopic pyeloplasties, one laparoscopic nephrectomy.
ASA = American Society of Anesthesiologists; BMI = body mass index; PCNL = percutaneous nephrolithotomy; SD = standard deviation; SWL = extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy; URS = ureteroscopy.