Table 4.

Comparative Univariate Analysis for Urologist Density

	Urologist density ≥2/100,000, n = 105 (%)	Urologist density <2/100,000, n = 30 (%)	p	Unadjusted odds ratio (95% CI)
Age (>65)	21	10	0.285	0.42 (0.07–1.57)
Gender (female)	44	63	0.066	2.20 (0.89–5.67)
Race (nonwhite)	42	33	0.527	0.70 (0.26–1.74)
ASA score (ASA 3 or higher)	20	27	0.455	1.45 (0.49–4.01)
Obesity (BMI >30)	29	47	0.078	2.17 (0.87–5.44)
Diabetes (with type 1 or 2 diabetes)	15	30	0.107	2.37 (0.81–6.67)
Hypertension (with diagnosis of hypertension)	22	27	0.625	1.29 (0.44–3.53)
Infection (with infectious symptoms)	19	37	0.052	2.44 (0.90–6.47)
Asymptomatic (without symptoms)	9	7	0.999	0.763 (0.08–4.00)
Stone burden (>20 mm)	35	43	0.521	1.40 (0.56–3.46)
Guy stone score (>2)	28	40	0.26	1.74 (0.68–4.38)
PCNL procedure	39	33	0.671	0.78 (0.30–1.96)
Language (non-English)	18	20	0.794	1.13 (0.33–3.38)
Education (with no college)	18	35	0.045	2.39 (0.95–6.01)
Distance traveled to clinic (in top 75th percentile)	11	67	<0.001	15.0 (5.33–45.8)
Income (in bottom 25th percentile)	19	50	0.002	4.19 (1.62–11.0)
Clinic delay (in top 75th percentile)	18	37	0.045	2.60 (0.96–6.93)
Underinsured (with medical)	20	33	0.143	1.99 (0.72–5.29)
Scheduling for second-stage procedure (yes)	8	10	0.708	1.34 (0.22–6.12)
Complications (with Clavien–Dindo complications)	12	27	0.083	2.55 (0.81–7.65)
Prolonged hospitalization (with prolonged hospitalization)	21	37	0.093	2.17 (0.81–5.68)
Operating room cost (in top 75th percentile; mean cost USD ± SD)	20; 7332 ± 2126	40; 8369 ± 3005	0.031	2.64 (1.00–6.90)
Nonoperating room cost (in top 75th percentile; mean cost USD ± SD)	26; 5696 ± 4744	47; 8443 ± 8924	0.042	2.51 (0.99–6.35)
Total cost (in top 75th percentile)	13%; 13,028 ± 6224	47%; 16,812 ± 9777	<0.001	5.59 (2.06–15.5)