Table 1.
Demographic and Neuropsychological Data
| Demographic characteristics | HC (n = 182) | SCD (n = 27) | SCD+CSVD (n = 27) | MCI (n = 104) | MCI+CSVD (n = 123) | AD (n = 16) | AD+CSVD (n = 62) | F-value | Sig. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age | 69.48 ± 6.33 | 71.97 ± 4.93 | 75.44 ± 6.27 | 69.09 ± 7.53 | 75.42 ± 6.39 | 70.63 ± 10.62 | 76.39 ± 7.85 | 17.72 | <0.001bdfgh |
| Gender (female) | 120/182 | 16/27 | 16/27 | 50/104 | 52/123 | 8/16 | 25/62 | 4.10 | <0.001cdf |
| Education | 16.71 ± 2.33 | 16.93 ± 2.67 | 16.56 ± 2.49 | 16.63 ± 2.33 | 16.16 ± 2.74 | 16.19 ± 3.04 | 15.77 ± 2.52 | 1.65 | 0.13 |
| APOE 4 | 48/127 | 8/26 | 7/27 | 37/80 | 29/79 | 7/12 | 33/43 | 5.12 | <0.001f |
| GDS | 0.67 ± 1.08 | 1.44 ± 1.34 | 1.33 ± 1.14 | 1.83 ± 1.46 | 1.53 ± 1.37 | 2.50 ± 1.55 | 1.79 ± 1.31 | 14.62 | <0.001abcdef |
| Cognitive scores | |||||||||
| MMSE | 29.23 ± 0.97 | 28.96 ± 1.32 | 29.15 ± 0.91 | 28.14 ± 1.72 | 27.98 ± 1.76 | 21.75 ± 2.67 | 21.56 ± 3.72 | 163.88 | <0.001cdef |
| CDR global | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.50 ± 0.00 | 0.50 ± 0.00 | 0.78 ± 0.26 | 0.91 ± 0.41 | 446.64 | <0.001cdef |
| CDR sum | 0.03 ± 0.11 | 0.02 ± 0.10 | 0.06 ± 0.16 | 1.40 ± 0.85 | 1.51 ± 1.00 | 4.53 ± 1.87 | 4.81 ± 1.75 | 255.79 | <0.001cdef |
| ADNI_MEM | 1.14 ± 0.52 | 1.33 ± 0.62 | 0.87 ± 0.62 | 0.41 ± 0.54 | 0.27 ± 0.64 | −0.72 ± 0.60 | −1.00 ± 0.62 | 107.69 | <0.001bcdefg |
| ADNI_EF | 1.28 ± 0.75 | 1.02 ± 0.72 | 0.79 ± 0.81 | 0.59 ± 0.97 | 0.33 ± 0.88 | −0.63 ± 1.02 | −1.06 ± 0.93 | 52.35 | <0.001bcdef |
| CSF | |||||||||
| Available CSF data (%) | 57.14% | 88.89% | 92.59% | 70.19% | 57.72% | 62.50% | 64.52% | ||
| Aβ1–42 (pg/mL) | 1366.93 ± 687.05 | 1697.16 ± 724.77 | 1192.3 ± 552.78 | 1141.97 ± 590.58 | 1179.58 ± 701.24 | 716.96 ± 409.84 | 640.64 ± 296.93 | 10.23 | <0.001acefg |
| T-Tau (pg/mL) | 234.03 ± 81.82 | 253.94 ± 75.01 | 233.26 ± 90.88 | 272.33 ± 132.84 | 268.72 ± 109.81 | 364.58 ± 127.49 | 354.81 ± 130.18 | 7.93 | <0.001cdef |
| P-Tau181 (pg/mL) | 21.13 ± 8.61 | 22.75 ± 6.62 | 21.21 ± 10.64 | 26.35 ± 15.40 | 25.18 ± 11.82 | 35.94 ± 14.97 | 34.54 ± 13.12 | 8.46 | <0.001cdef |
| WMH | |||||||||
| WMH volume | 0.67 ± 0.52 | 0.80 ± 0.57 | 7.14 ± 8.37 | 0.58 ± 0.51 | 8.32 ± 7.60 | 0.84 ± 0.61 | 8.14 ± 7.70 | 50.91 | <0.001bdfghi |
Data are presented as means ± standard deviations. Notably, not all subjects have CSF data since collecting them is invasive. Thus, 104 out of 182 HC, 24 out of 27 SCD, 25 out of 27 SCD+CSVD, 73 out of 104 MCI, 71 out of 123 MCI+CSVD, 10 out of 16 AD, 40 out of 62 AD+CSVD with CSF data were included in the neuropathological correlation analysis.
a–i: post hoc analysis further revealed the source of ANOVA difference (a: HC vs. SCD; b: HC vs. SCD+CSVD; c: HC vs. MCI; d: HC vs. MCI+CSVD; e: HC vs. AD; f: HC vs. AD+CSVD; g: SCD vs. SCD+CSVD; h: MCI vs. MCI+CSVD; i: AD vs. AD+CSVD) (p < 0.05, significant difference between groups).
AD, Alzheimer's disease; ADNI, the AD Neuroimaging Initiative; ADNI-EF, the composite scores for executive function in ADNI; ADNI-MEM, the composite scores for memory in ADNI; ANOVA, analysis of variance; CDR, Clinical Dementia Rating; CSVD, cerebral small vessel disease; GDS, Geriatric Depression Scale; HC, healthy control; MCI, mild cognitive impairment; MMSE, Mini-Mental State Examination; SCD, subjective cognitive control; WMH, white matter hyperintensities.