Table 1.

Overview of the Four Sources

Lead organizations/authors	Years covered	Title	Summary points
The New York Academy of Medicine (NYAM) in partnership with the New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene (NYC DOHMH) Fisher and Griffin58	2000–2016	Interventions for Health Eating and Active Urban Living: A Guide for Improving Community Health	• Twenty-five described approaches • Eight Groupings: overarching approaches, multifaceted interventions, community-based nutrition interventions, make healthy foods more affordable, prioritize investment in local agriculture and procurement of local food products, promote healthy foods and beverages, increasing consumer education around eating, preparing and purchasing healthy foods, reduce exposure to unhealthy foods, beverages and eating practices • Three-category rating system for evidence:  ○ Supportive evidence—policies and programs supported by at least one systematic review or at least two experimental studies or two quasi-experimental studies with matched concurrent comparisons  ○ Emerging evidence—supported by no more than one experimental or quasi-experimental study with a matched concurrent comparison  ○ Recommended by experts in the field of population health and chronic disease prevention
American Heart Association (2012)2	1980–2012	AHA Scientific Statement Population Approaches to Improve Diet, Physical Activity, and Smoking Habits: A Scientific Statement from the American Heart Association	• Three population health priorities (improve dietary habits, increase physical activity, and reduce tobacco use)—diet-related results only described in this review • Six groupings: media and education, labeling and information, schools, workplaces, local environment, restrictions and mandates • Classification of recommendations:  ○ Three classes:   • Class I—Intervention should be performed   • Class IIa—It is reasonable to perform the intervention   • Class IIb—The intervention may be considered   • Class III—Intervention not useful/harmful  ○ Weight of evidence:   • Level of Evidence A—data derived from multiple randomized clinical trials, well-designed quasi-experimental studies • Level of Evidence B—data derived from a single randomized trial or nonrandomized studies • Level of Evidence C—only consensus opinion of experts, case studies, or standard of care
Afshin et al.30	1980–2015	CVD Prevention Through Policy: a Review of Mass Media, Food/Menu Labeling, Taxation/Subsidies, Built Environment, School Procurement, Worksite Wellness, and Marketing Standards to Improve Diet	• Six groupings: media and education, labeling and information, schools, workplaces, local environment, restrictions and mandates • Three-category rating system for evidence:  ○ Supported  ○ Mixed or inconclusive  ○ Not enough evidence
Hyseni et al.32	1975–2015	The Effects of Policy Actions to Improve Population Dietary Patterns and Prevent Diet-Related Non-communicable Diseases: Scoping Review	• Scoping review (review of reviews) • Seven categories based on a social marketing framework: food price; food promotion; food provision; food composition; food labeling; food supply chain, trade and investment; multicomponent intervention • Four category-rating system for evidence  ○ Consistently effective  ○ Very effective  ○ Less effective  ○ Limited evidence

CVD, cardiovascular disease.