Table 1.
Overall Glycemic Control on Exercise Versus Sedentary Days
| Exercise type | Metric | Exercise daya Summary statistics |
Sedentary day Summary statistics |
Pb |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| All study-assigned and nonstudy-assigned exercise | No. of participants | 44 | 44 | |
| No. of days | 642 | 478 | ||
| Hours of glucose readings, median (quartiles) | 21 (15, 24) | 22 (17, 24) | ||
| <12 h, n (%) | 92 (14%) | 50 (10%) | ||
| 12 to <16 h, n (%) | 81 (13%) | 59 (12%) | ||
| 16 to <20 h, n (%) | 87 (13%) | 76 (16%) | ||
| ≥20 h, n (%) | 382 (60%) | 293 (61%) | ||
| Mean glucose (mg/dL), mean (SD) | 150 (45) | 166 (49) | 0.01 | |
| Coefficient of variation (%), mean (SD) | 35% (12%) | 35% (12%) | ||
| % TIR 70–180 mg/dL, mean (SD) | 62% (23%) | 56% (25%) | 0.03 | |
| % Time below 70 mg/dLc, mean (SD) | 9.3% (11.0%) | 7.1% (9.1%) | 0.04 | |
| % Time below 54 mg/dLc, mean (SD) | 3.3% (5.6%) | 2.6% (4.5%) | 0.15 | |
| % Time above 180 mg/dLc, mean (SD) | 28% (23%) | 37% (26%) | 0.01 | |
| % Time above 250 mg/dLc, mean (SD) | 9% (13%) | 14% (17%) | 0.06 | |
| Study-assigned aerobic exercise | No. of participants | 19 | 19 | |
| No. of days | 116 | 224 | ||
| Hours of glucose readings, median (quartiles) | 22 (19, 24) | 22 (16, 24) | ||
| Mean glucose (mg/dL), mean (SD) | 150 (40) | 158 (45) | 0.43 | |
| Coefficient of variation (%), mean (SD) | 36% (12%) | 36% (13%) | ||
| % TIR 70–180 mg/dL, mean (SD) | 63% (19%) | 57% (24%) | 0.37 | |
| % Time below 70 mg/dLc, mean (SD) | 9.5% (11.0%) | 8.3% (9.5%) | 0.68 | |
| % Time below 54 mg/dLc, mean (SD) | 3.3% (5.8%) | 2.9% (4.6%) | 0.68 | |
| % Time above 180 mg/dLc, mean (SD) | 27% (20%) | 34% (25%) | 0.37 | |
| % Time above 250 mg/dLc, mean (SD) | 9% (11%) | 12% (15%) | 0.68 | |
| Study-assigned HIIT exercise | No. of participants | 14 | 14 | |
| No. of days | 72 | 140 | ||
| Hours of glucose readings, median (quartiles) | 21 (15, 23) | 22 (18, 24) | ||
| Mean glucose (mg/dL), mean (SD) | 154 (49) | 160 (45) | 0.37 | |
| Coefficient of variation (%), mean (SD) | 35% (12%) | 35% (12%) | ||
| % TIR 70–180 mg/dL, mean (SD) | 62% (23%) | 59% (23%) | 0.34 | |
| % Time below 70 mg/dLc, mean (SD) | 9.2% (10.9%) | 8.1% (10.3%) | 0.68 | |
| % Time below 54 mg/dLc, mean (SD) | 3.2% (4.9%) | 3.2% (5.1%) | 0.77 | |
| % Time above 180 mg/dLc, mean (SD) | 28% (24%) | 32% (23%) | 0.30 | |
| % Time above 250 mg/dLc, mean (SD) | 10% (16%) | 11% (15%) | 0.68 | |
| Study-assigned resistance exercise | No. of participants | 11 | 11 | |
| No. of days | 64 | 114 | ||
| Hours of glucose readings, median (quartiles) | 22 (17, 24) | 22 (16, 23) | ||
| Mean glucose (mg/dL), mean (SD) | 166 (54) | 188 (56) | 0.30 | |
| Coefficient of variation (%), mean (SD) | 35% (12%) | 32% (11%) | ||
| % TIR 70–180 mg/dL, mean (SD) | 55% (24%) | 49% (27%) | 0.43 | |
| % Time below 70 mg/dLc, mean (SD) | 7.0% (8.5%) | 3.4% (5.5%) | 0.31 | |
| % Time below 54 mg/dLc, mean (SD) | 2.3% (4.6%) | 1.1% (2.7%) | 0.57 | |
| % Time above 180 mg/dLc, mean (SD) | 37% (26%) | 47% (28%) | 0.30 | |
| % Time above 250 mg/dLc, mean (SD) | 13% (18%) | 20% (23%) | 0.57 |
Summary statistics are on an event-level. P = 0.49, >0.99, 0.68, 0.68, 0.75, and 0.68 for the day type by exercise group interaction effect for mean glucose, % time 70–180, <70, <54, >180, and >250 mg/dL, respectively.
Exercise days for all exercise types are inclusive of both study-assigned and nonstudy-assigned exercise. A minimum exercise duration of 10 min was required.
From a repeated measures linear regression model adjusting for baseline HbA1c, baseline age, baseline BMI, study protocol, and baseline pump use as fixed effects with a first-order autoregressive correlation structure. Assigned exercise type was also adjusted for when assessing the overall exercise effect. Due to skewed residuals, % time below 70 mg/dL, % time below 54 mg/dL, % time above 180 mg/dL, and % time above 250 mg/dL were rank-transformed. Multiple comparisons were adjusted for using the Benjamini–Hochberg adaptive false discovery rate procedure.
Due to skewed distribution, each metric was censored at the 5th and 95th percentile, and a winsorized mean and SD are reported.
HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; HIIT, high-intensity interval training; SD, standard deviation; TIR, time in range.