Table 2.
Clinical features of study participants with known molecular test results by smoking status in Italy, from April 13 to June 2, 2020 (N=6857).
| Clinical features | Never smoked (n=4334) | Former smoker (n=1463) | Current smoker (n=1060) | P value (current vs never) | P value (overall) | All participants (N=6857) | ||||||||||
| All participants, n (%) | 4334 (63.2) | 1463 (21.3) | 1060 (15.5) | N/Aa | N/A | 6857 (100) | ||||||||||
| Self-reported diseases, n (%) | ||||||||||||||||
|
|
Lung diseases | 340 (7.8) | 130 (8.9) | 77 (7.3) | .53 | .29 | 547 (8.0) | |||||||||
|
|
Heart diseases | 196 (4.5) | 76 (5.2) | 26 (2.5) | .01 | .01 | 298 (4.4) | |||||||||
|
|
Hypertension and/or medications | 723 (16.7) | 326 (22.3) | 143 (13.5) | .01 | <.001 | 1192 (17.4) | |||||||||
|
|
Oncological diseases | 138 (3.2) | 67 (4.6) | 16 (1.5) | .01 | .001 | 221 (3.2) | |||||||||
|
|
Liver diseases | 39 (0.9) | 14 (1.0) | 6 (0.6) | .28 | .52 | 59 (0.9) | |||||||||
|
|
Renal diseases | 52 (1.2) | 14 (1.0) | 10 (0.9) | .48 | .64 | 76 (1.1) | |||||||||
|
|
Metabolic diseases and/or medications | 238 (5.5) | 86 (5.9) | 47 (4.4) | .17 | .27 | 371 (5.4) | |||||||||
|
|
Depression or anxiety and/or medications | 505 (11.7) | 167 (11.4) | 122 (11.5) | .90 | .97 | 794 (11.6) | |||||||||
|
|
Immune system diseases | 431 (9.9) | 146 (10.0) | 88 (8.3) | .10 | .25 | 665 (9.7) | |||||||||
|
|
Surgical procedures last year | 168 (3.9) | 82 (5.6) | 38 (3.6) | .66 | .01 | 288 (4.2) | |||||||||
|
|
Transplants | 12 (0.3) | 6 (0.4) | 0 (0) | .09 | .13 | 18 (0.3) | |||||||||
|
|
Allergies | 786 (18.1) | 223 (15.2) | 163 (15.4) | .04 | .01 | 1172 (17.1) | |||||||||
|
|
Dependency in daily activities | 209 (4.8) | 15 (1.0) | 9 (0.9) | <.001 | <.001 | 233 (3.4) | |||||||||
|
|
Flu shot during last autumn | 1542 (35.6) | 489 (33.4) | 273 (25.8) | <.001 | <.001 | 2304 (33.6) | |||||||||
|
|
Antipneumococcal vaccine in the last 12 months | 219 (5.1) | 73 (5.0) | 37 (3.5) | .03 | .10 | 329 (4.8) | |||||||||
| Self-reported medications, n (%) | ||||||||||||||||
|
|
Aspirin | 192 (4.4) | 131 (9.0) | 46 (4.3) | .10 | <.001 | 369 (5.4) | |||||||||
|
|
Cholesterol treatment drugs | 252 (5.8) | 161 (11.0) | 69 (6.5) | .39 | <.001 | 482 (7.0) | |||||||||
|
|
Oncological drugs | 42 (1.0) | 23 (1.6) | 6 (0.6) | .21 | .04 | 71 (1.0) | |||||||||
|
|
Corticosteroids | 95 (2.2) | 39 (2.7) | 24 (2.3) | .89 | .58 | 158 (2.3) | |||||||||
|
|
Thyroid drugs | 369 (8.5) | 131 (9.0) | 64 (6.0) | .01 | .02 | 564 (8.2) | |||||||||
|
|
Anti-inflammatory drugs | 222 (5.1) | 108 (7.4) | 101 (9.5) | <.001 | <.001 | 431 (6.3) | |||||||||
|
|
Supplements or vitamins | 928 (21.4) | 304 (20.8) | 190 (17.9) | .01 | .04 | 1422 (20.7) | |||||||||
| Self-reported symptoms, n (%) | ||||||||||||||||
|
|
Fever | 1221 (28.2) | 491 (33.6) | 184 (17.4) | <.001 | <.001 | 1896 (27.7) | |||||||||
|
|
Headache | 1594 (36.8) | 570 (39.0) | 397 (37.5) | .68 | .33 | 2561 (37.4) | |||||||||
|
|
Muscle or bone pain | 1476 (34.1) | 563 (38.5) | 340 (32.1) | .22 | <.001 | 2379 (34.7) | |||||||||
|
|
Olfactory and taste disorders | 903 (20.8) | 365 (25.0) | 180 (17.0) | .01 | <.001 | 1448 (21.1) | |||||||||
|
|
Shortness of breath | 643 (14.8) | 264 (18.1) | 127 (12.0) | .02 | <.001 | 1034 (15.1) | |||||||||
|
|
Chest pain | 596 (13.8) | 224 (15.3) | 144 (13.6) | .89 | .30 | 964 (14.1) | |||||||||
|
|
Heart palpitations | 572 (13.2) | 185 (12.7) | 118 (11.1) | .07 | .19 | 875 (12.8) | |||||||||
|
|
Gastrointestinal disturbances | 1210 (27.9) | 441 (30.1) | 275 (25.9) | .20 | .06 | 1926 (28.1) | |||||||||
|
|
Conjunctivitis | 527 (12.2) | 174 (11.9) | 117 (11.0) | .31 | .60 | 818 (11.9) | |||||||||
|
|
Sore throat or rhinorrhea | 1579 (36.4) | 558 (38.1) | 392 (37.0) | .74 | .50 | 2529 (36.9) | |||||||||
|
|
Cough | 1537 (35.5) | 536 (36.6) | 294 (27.7) | <.001 | <.001 | 2367 (34.5) | |||||||||
|
|
Pneumonia | 354 (8.2) | 170 (11.6) | 32 (3.0) | <.001 | <.001 | 556 (8.1) | |||||||||
|
|
No symptoms | 1154 (26.6) | 321 (21.9) | 308 (29.1) | .11 | <.001 | 1783 (26.0) | |||||||||
|
|
Hospitalized for COVID-19 | 319 (7.4) | 175 (12.0) | 33 (3.1) | <.001 | <.001 | 527 (7.7) | |||||||||
|
|
Positive NPSb test result | 1124 (25.9) | 407 (27.8) | 160 (15.1) | <.001 | <.001 | 1691 (24.7) | |||||||||
| Infection severityc, n (%) | N/A | <.001 |
|
|||||||||||||
|
|
No infection | 3210 (74.1) | 1056 (72.2) | 900 (84.9) |
|
5166 (75.3) | ||||||||||
|
|
Asymptomatic | 117 (2.7) | 27 (1.9) | 12 (1.1) |
|
|
156 (2.3) | |||||||||
|
|
Mild | 697 (16.1) | 225 (15.4) | 127 (12.0) |
|
|
1049 (15.3) | |||||||||
|
|
Severe | 310 (7.2) | 155 (10.6) | 21 (2.0) |
|
|
486 (7.1) | |||||||||
aN/A: not applicable; P value was not calculated.
bNPS: nasopharyngeal swab.
cNo infection: negative NPS test result; asymptomatic infection: positive NPS test result without COVID-19–like symptoms excluding pneumonia; mild infection: positive NPS test result with at least one COVID-19–like symptom excluding pneumonia; and severe infection: positive NPS test with pneumonia and/or hospitalization for COVID-19