Table 3.
Behavioral characteristics of study participants with known molecular test results by smoking status in Italy, from April 13 to June 2, 2020 (N=6857).
| Behavioral characteristics | Never smoked (n=4334) | Former smoker (n=1463) | Current smoker (n=1060) | P value (current vs never) | P value (overall) | All participants (N=6857) | |||||
| All participants, n (%) | 4334 (63.2) | 1463 (21.3) | 1060 (15.5) | N/Aa | N/A | 6857 (100) | |||||
| Housing conditions, n (%) | |||||||||||
|
|
Traffic near house | .25 | .17 |
|
|||||||
|
|
|
Low | 1880 (43.4) | 655 (44.8) | 461 (43.5) |
|
|
2996 (43.7) | |||
|
|
|
Moderate | 1499 (34.6) | 525 (35.9) | 388 (36.6) |
|
|
2412 (35.2) | |||
|
|
|
High | 955 (22.0) | 283 (19.3) | 211 (19.9) |
|
|
1449 (21.1) | |||
|
|
Cohabitants at riskb | 934 (21.6) | 250 (17.1) | 182 (17.2) | .01 | <.001 | 1366 (19.9) | ||||
|
|
Residence area | .32 | .25 | ||||||||
|
|
|
Countryside | 492 (11.4) | 164 (11.2) | 136 (12.8) |
|
|
792 (11.6) | |||
|
|
|
Small town | 1797 (41.5) | 609 (41.6) | 411 (38.8) |
|
|
2817 (41.1) | |||
|
|
|
Suburbs: >100,000 inhabitants | 772 (17.8) | 233 (15.9) | 198 (18.7) |
|
|
1203 (17.5) | |||
|
|
|
City or town: >100,000 inhabitants | 1273 (29.4) | 457 (31.2) | 315 (29.7) |
|
|
2045 (29.8) | |||
|
|
Household crowding indexc | .33 | .10 |
|
|||||||
|
|
|
Low | 3941 (90.9) | 1354 (92.6) | 974 (91.9) |
|
|
6269 (91.4) | |||
|
|
|
Middle | 387 (8.9) | 105 (7.2) | 86 (8.1) |
|
|
578 (8.4) | |||
|
|
|
High | 6 (0.1) | 4 (0.3) | 0 (0) |
|
|
10 (0.2) | |||
| Behaviors before the lockdown, n (%) | |||||||||||
|
|
Number of daily contacts | .17 | .01 |
|
|||||||
|
|
|
<10 | 738 (17.0) | 293 (20.0) | 162 (15.3) |
|
|
1193 (17.4) | |||
|
|
|
≥10 | 3596 (83.0) | 1170 (80.0) | 898 (84.7) |
|
|
5664 (82.6) | |||
|
|
Physical activity | .88 | <.001 |
|
|||||||
|
|
|
>2.5 h/week | 1099 (25.4) | 449 (30.7) | 275 (25.9) |
|
|
1826 (26.6) | |||
|
|
|
10 min/week to 2.5 h/week | 1870 (43.1) | 631 (43.1) | 449 (42.4) |
|
|
2950 (43.0) | |||
|
|
|
<10 min/week | 1363 (31.5) | 383 (26.2) | 336 (31.7) |
|
|
2082 (30.4) | |||
| Behaviors after the lockdown, n (%) | |||||||||||
|
|
Contact with COVID-19 casesd | 3118 (71.9) | 989 (67.6) | 754 (71.1) | .60 | .01 | 4861 (70.9) | ||||
|
|
Weekly outings | <.001 | <.001 |
|
|||||||
|
|
|
Never | 1043 (24.1) | 364 (24.9) | 140 (13.2) |
|
|
1547 (22.6) | |||
|
|
|
1-3 | 1083 (25.0) | 417 (28.5) | 290 (27.4) |
|
|
1790 (26.1) | |||
|
|
|
≥4 | 2208 (51.0) | 682 (46.6) | 630 (59.4) |
|
|
3520 (51.3) | |||
|
|
Use of public transport | .05 | .05 | ||||||||
|
|
|
Never | 4186 (96.6) | 1423 (97.3) | 1008 (95.1) |
|
|
6617 (96.5) | |||
|
|
|
1-3 times/week | 62 (1.4) | 18 (1.2) | 25 (2.4) |
|
|
105 (1.5) | |||
|
|
|
≥4 times/week | 86 (2.0) | 22 (1.5) | 27 (2.6) |
|
|
135 (2.0) | |||
| Personal characteristics, n (%) | |||||||||||
|
|
Contacted emergency number | <.001 | <.001 |
|
|||||||
|
|
|
No | 2323 (53.6) | 722 (49.4) | 676 (63.8) |
|
|
3721 (54.3) | |||
|
|
|
No, but I went to a hospital on my own initiative | 103 (2.4) | 47 (3.2) | 18 (1.7) |
|
|
168 (2.5) | |||
|
|
|
Yes, and they did not suggest that I self-isolate | 235 (5.4) | 88 (6.0) | 72 (6.8) |
|
|
395 (5.8) | |||
|
|
|
Yes, and they suggested that I self-isolate | 1361 (31.4) | 448 (30.6) | 239 (22.6) |
|
|
2048 (29.9) | |||
|
|
|
Yes, I was sent to a hospital | 312 (7.2) | 158 (10.8) | 55 (5.2) |
|
|
525 (7.7) | |||
|
|
Self-perceived health status | .81 | .59 |
|
|||||||
|
|
|
Good | 3493 (80.6) | 1155 (79.0) | 863 (81.4) |
|
|
5511 (80.4) | |||
|
|
|
Adequate | 769 (17.7) | 282 (19.3) | 179 (16.9) |
|
|
1230 (17.9) | |||
|
|
|
Bad | 72 (1.7) | 26 (1.8) | 18 (1.7) |
|
|
116 (1.7) | |||
|
|
Afraid to be infected | .02 | .01 | ||||||||
|
|
|
No | 1556 (35.9) | 521 (35.6) | 401 (37.8) |
|
|
2478 (36.1) | |||
|
|
|
Neutral | 918 (21.2) | 253 (17.3) | 184 (17.4) |
|
|
1355 (19.8) | |||
|
|
|
Yes | 1860 (42.9) | 689 (47.1) | 475 (44.8) |
|
|
3024 (44.1) | |||
|
|
Afraid for family members | <.001 | <.001 |
|
|||||||
|
|
|
No | 669 (15.4) | 251 (17.2) | 179 (16.9) |
|
|
1099 (16.0) | |||
|
|
|
Neutral | 514 (11.9) | 118 (8.1) | 64 (6.0) |
|
|
696 (10.2) | |||
|
|
|
Yes | 3151 (72.7) | 1094 (74.8) | 817 (77.1) |
|
|
5062 (73.8) | |||
aN/A: not applicable; P value was not calculated.
bThis includes elderly persons or anyone who is immunocompromised or has chronic disease conditions.
cNumber of cohabitants per number of rooms.
dSuspected or confirmed COVID-19 cases.