Table 3 –
Clinical characteristics and outcomes of coffee consumption and known risk factors of CVD by quartile of coffee consumption, N (%) and median [quartile 1-quartile 3]
| 0 cups/day 8809 (41) | 1 cup/day 5130 (24) | 2 cups/day 4056 (19) | ≥3 cups/day 3347 (16) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Female | 4874 (55) | 2719 (53) | 2106 (52) | 1648 (49) |
| Age, years | 59 (51–67) | 62 (54–69) | 56 (50–61) | 56 [50–61] |
| Systolic BP, mg/dL | 125 (112–139) | 127 (115–143) | 121 (109–134) | 119 [108–133] |
| HDL cholesterol, mg/dL | 49 (39–61) | 50 (40–62) | 49 (39–61) | 48 [38–59] |
| Total Cholesterol, mg/dL | 212 (187–239) | 214 (188–242) | 214 (188–241) | 217 [190–244] |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 26.8 (24.0–30.4) | 26.7 (23.9–30.1) | 26.4 (23.8–29.5) | 26.1 [23.5–29.2] |
| CVD Risk Score, (%) | 5.6 (2.8–11.0) | 6.9 (3.5–12.8) | 4.5 (2.4–8.9) | 5.1 [2.6–9.3] |
| Hypertension, (%) | 3040 (35) | 1847 (36) | 959 (24) | 592 (18) |
| Current smoking, (%) | 1529 (17) | 1139 (22) | 1134 (28) | 1339 (40) |
| Diabetes mellitus, (%) | 1112 (13) | 644 (13) | 329 (8) | 193 (6) |
| Incident outcomes | ||||
| CVD, (%) | 3546 (40) | 2305 (45) | 1262 (31) | 1145 (34) |
| HF, (%) | 2037 (23) | 1387 (27) | 627 (15) | 566 (17) |
| Stroke, (%) | 1242 (14) | 824 (16) | 355 (9) | 296 (9) |
| CHD, (%) | 2636 (30) | 1643 (32) | 865 (21) | 757 (23) |
*
p < 0.001 across all quartiles
BP = Blood pressure. HDL = High density lipoprotein BMI = Body Mass Index CVD = Cardiovascular disease HF = Heart failure. CHD = Coronary heart disease