Table 1. Baseline characteristics, inflammatory markers, and outcomes in men and women with COVID-19 infection.
| Men (N = 453) | Women (N = 328) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | ||||
| Age, years | 61 (17) | 62 (18) | ||
| White race, n (%) | 179 (41%) | 136 (42%) | ||
| Hispanic ethnicity, n (%) | 159 (36%) | 120 (37%) | ||
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 30.5 (11.2) | 30.8 (7.3) | ||
| Comorbidities | ||||
| Cardiovascular disease, n (%) | 118 (26%) | 67 (20%) | ||
| Type 2 diabetes, n (%) | 168 (37%) | 115 (35%) | ||
| Hypertension, n (%) | 238 (53%) | 178 (54%) | ||
| Pulmonary disease, n (%) | 137 (30%) | 108 (33%) | ||
| COPD, n (%) | 53 (12%) | 37 (11%) | ||
| Asthma, n (%) | 51 (11%) | 55 (17%)* | ||
| Obstructive sleep apnea, n (%) | 29 (6%) | 22 (7%) | ||
| Autoimmune disease, n (%) | 32 (7%) | 44 (14%)* | ||
| Kidney disease, n (%) | 95 (21%) | 42 (13%)* | ||
| Liver disease, n (%) | 39 (9%) | 33 (10%) | ||
| Current cigarette smoker, n (%) | 47 (10%) | 13 (4%) | ||
| Former cigarette smoker, n (%) | 178 (39%) | 79 (24%)† | ||
| Baseline medications | ||||
| Immunosuppressants, n (%) | 29 (6%) | 25 (8%) | ||
| NSAIDs, n (%) | 96 (21%) | 77 (24%) | ||
| Statins, n (%) | 214 (47%) | 130 (40%)* | ||
| ACE inhibitors, n (%) | 71 (16%) | 53 (16%) | ||
| Empiric therapy | ||||
| Remdesevir, n (%) | 4 (1%) | 2 (1%) | ||
| Tocilizumab, n (%) | 5 (1%) | 4 (1%) | ||
| Hydroxychloroquine, n (%) | 231 (51%) | 127 (39%)† | ||
| Azithromycin, n (%) | 207 (46%) | 136 (42%) | ||
| Inflammatory Markers | Initial | Peak | Initial | Peak |
| CRP, mg/L | 76 (38–145) | 145 (74–263) | 59 (27–136)* | 125 (54–211)† |
| ESR, mm/h | 35 (21–57) | 59 (32–110) | 40 (27–59)* | 54 (35–91) |
| Procalcitonin, ng/mL | 0.16 (0.10–0.31) | 0.18 (0.10–0.53) | 0.12 (0.08–0.22)† | 0.13 (0.08–0.28)† |
| Ferritin, ug/L | 631 (360–1230) | 1027 (546–2142) | 413 (224–675)† | 562 (306–1049)† |
| D-dimer, ng/mL | 921 (608–1683) | 1749 (897–3944) | 1063 (676–1760) | 1587 (848–3174) |
| IL-6, pg/mL | 37 (16–88) | 40 (17–95) | 24 (10–56)* | 25 (11–58)* |
| Symptoms | ||||
| Symptomatic at presentation | 435 (97%) | 319 (98%) | ||
| Time from symptom onset to presentation, days | 5.4 (6.1) | 5.5 (6.8) | ||
| Outcomes | ||||
| Death, n (%) | 73 (16%) | 43 (13%) | ||
| ICU admission, n (%) | 152 (34%) | 90 (28%) | ||
| ICU admission or death, n (%) | 179 (40%) | 115 (35%) | ||
Values are means (standard deviations) or medians (inter-quartile ranges) unless otherwise noted.
* for p<0.05 and
† for p<0.001. Abbreviations: ACE inhibitors = angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, BMI = body mass index, IVIg = intravenous immunoglobulin, NSAIDs = non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs. Biomarker data were available for 665 participants.