Table 3.

Studies that detail eLearning costs with a comparator.^a

Reference	Year	Instructional design	Comparison	Sample size (N)	Cost of eLearning (US $)	Cost of face-to-face learning (US $)	Notes from study
Bandla et al [14]	2012	Asynchronous online	Face to face	173	21,752	21,752	N/Ab
Berger et al [15]	2009	Blended	Face to face	1661	4	110	Cost per learner
Choi et al [17]	2008	Asynchronous online	Other learning	34	N/A	N/A	Provided costs of online platforms without complete cost comparison
Glasbey et al [21]	2017	N/A	N/A	570	N/A	N/A	Online curriculum embedded; core costs not separated in study
Jerin and Rea [24]	2005	Asynchronous online	Asynchronous online	9353	3	52	Cost per learner
Joshi and Perin [25]	2012	Asynchronous online	Other learning	15	14,085	20,714	Online vs face-to-face total costs
Knapp et al [27]	2011	Asynchronous online	Face to face	91	157	4386	N/A
Kumpu et al [28]	2016	Blended	Face to face	28	2431	1054	N/A
Moreno-Ger et al [34]	2010	Asynchronous online	Face to face	400	7	2630	N/A
Nickel et al [35]	2015	Virtual reality	Other learning	84	3900	82,500	Virtual reality vs blended learning
Nicklen et al [36]	2016	Blended	Face to face	78	5904	6856	N/A
Padwal et al [37]	2017	Asynchronous online	Face to face	651	11,727	477,000	N/A
Padwal et al [38]	2013	Asynchronous online	Face to face	N/A	N/A	N/A	Protocol
Perkins et al [41]	2012	Blended	Face to face	3732	438	935	N/A
Spanou et al [46]	2010	Asynchronous online	Face to face	N/A	N/A	N/A	Protocol
Stansfeld et al [47]	2015	Asynchronous online	Face to face	350	N/A	N/A	Captured approach to total costs but incomplete comparison data to nononline approach
Weiss et al [51]	2011	Asynchronous online	Other learning	N/A	N/A	N/A	Cost reduction per inhabitant following education program

^aThese studies were given the prefix “COMP” to indicate that this group was a summary of costs with a comparator; the prefix and number can be used to provide a unique ID to refer to studies.

^bN/A: not available/applicable.