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DNA damage (% tail DNA) measured in the comet assay in the Phenion® FT skin model induced by N-OH-2-AAF (a, b, upper panels) or N-OH-2-AF (c, d, lower panels) ± APC in keratinocytes (a, c, left panels) and fibroblasts (b, d, right panels). Tissues were treated one time for 3 h ± APC. Cytotoxicity measures were % AK release and % ATP content relative to the solvent controls which were set at 100%. All values (n = 3) are mean ± SD. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.0001.
