Selected technologies for the analysis of oligonucleotides, proteins, and cells: (a) Digital PCR, including droplet digital PCR, micro-well partitioning. and planar imaging of PCR products. Reproduced with permission from Liao and Huang, Micromachines 8(8), 1–7 (2017). Copyright 2017 MDPI. (b) Patterned flow cell molecular principle of next-generation sequencing with Illumina's dye sequencing method,. Adapted with permission from Goodwin et al., Nat. Rev. Genet. 17(6), 333–351 (2016). Copyright 2016 Springer Nature. (c) The zero-mode waveguide nanostructure of single-molecule real-time sequencing with nucleotides being incorporated into the DNA by the bottom-linked polymerase. Reproduced with permission from Eid et al., Science 323(5910), 133–138 (2009). Copyright 2009 The American Association for the Advancement of Science. (d) Protein microarray with 16 368 recombinant proteins and their cellular distribution. Reproduced with permission from Uzoma and Zhu, Genomics Proteomics Bioinforma. 11(1), 18–28 (2013). Copyright 2013 Elsevier. (e) Mass spectrometer with acoustic droplet ejection and electrospray ionization. Adapted with permission from Dirico et al., Med. Chem. Lett. 11, 1101–1110 (2020). Copyright 2020 American Chemical Society. (f) Device with a nanopore to measure resistive pulses from the translocation of individual proteins. Reproduced with permission from Yusko et al., Nat. Nanotechnol. 12(4), 360–367 (2017). Copyright 2017 Springer Nature. (g) The principle of fluorescence-activated cell sorting. (h) Initial steps of single-cell RNA-seq workflow with Drop-seq. Adapted with permission from Macosko et al., Cell 161(5), 1202–1214 (2015). Copyright 2015 Elsevier. (i) 3D-printed and multimaterial cardiac organ-on-a-chip device. Reproduced with permission from Lind et al., Nat. Mater. 16(3), 303–308 (2017). Copyright 2017 Springer Nature.