Table 1.

Categorization of recorded indications for opioid use

Musculoskeletal disorders
Vertebral fractures (osteoporotic)
Degenerative spine disorders	Intervertebral disc and facet join degeneration Spondylosis Spondylolisthesis Scoliosis Unspecified low back pain The ICD-10 code of spinal stenosis caused by degenerative lesions of spine when used without a neuropathic component of pain
Osteoarthritis
Other fractures and injuries
Muscular pain or tendinopathy	Rotator cuff syndrome Greater trochanteric pain syndrome Unspecified myalgia
Arthritis	Rheumatoid arthritis Gout Unspecified arthritis
Other conditions
Neuropathic pain	Polyneuropathy Radiculopathy caused by intervertebral disc and facet joint degeneration Spinal stenosis Postherpetic neuralgia Carpal tunnel syndrome Phantom limb pain
Cardiovascular diseases	Chronic venous insufficiency Venous leg ulcers Lower peripheral arterial disease Ischaemic ulcers Cardiac oedema Coronary artery disease Ulcers caused by cutaneous vasculitis
Surgery
Cancer
Psychiatric conditions	Persistent somatoform pain disorder Prescription drug dependence
Other neurologic diseases	Spasticity (cerebral infarction) Rigidity (Parkinson disease) Restless legs syndrome
Gastrointestinal symptoms	Unspecified gastrointestinal pain
Decubitus ulcer