In vitro cell culture |
Nef expressing primary human fetal astrocytes |
Primary human fetal neurons |
Oxidative stress and neuronal electrophysiological impairment |
(Sami Saribas, Cicalese et al. 2018) |
Nef expressing microglia (CHME5) |
In vitro Blood-Brain- Barrier model |
Reduced the expression of tight junction protein ZO-1 |
(Raymond, Diaz et al. 2016) |
Nef expressing HEK 293T cells |
In vitro Blood-Brain- Barrier model |
Reduced transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER) and increased permeability of the BBB |
(Raymond, Diaz et al. 2016) |
Nef expressing HEK 293T cells |
Microglia (CHME5) |
Induces microglial cytokine/ chemokine secretion |
(Raymond, Diaz et al. 2016) |
Ex vivo |
Plasma derived Nef-EVs from patients with HAD |
Neuroblastoma cell line (SH-SY5Y) |
Enhanced APP expression and Increased expression and secretion of Aβ and Aβ peptides |
(Khan, Lang et al. 2016) |