Table 1.

Summary and Categorisation of Reported Modes of Delivery and Technologies Used

	Description	Berndt et al. (2017)	Lawn et al. (2017)	Rohwer et al. (2017)	Sullivan (2017)	McLoughlin et al. (2018)	Wu et al. (2018)
Mode of Delivery	The way training instructions are delivered to support and enable the learning process.
Face - to - face / On-campus delivery	A mode of study where lectures and other coursework is delivered physically in the traditional classroom/laboratory setting at scheduled times. Note: On-campus students will typically have access to the same online class-space as students studying online or via blended delivery.	X*		X	X		X
Blended delivery	A mode of study which encompasses both online and face-to-face learning.		X	X	X		X
Pure online delivery	A mode of study in which there are no face-to-face interactions and all learning materials are available online.		X	X	X	X
Technological approach
1. Enabling Technology
Not Internet-mediated - CBT / CBL - CD, DVD, memory stick	Engaging participants at different locations using standalone applications or recorded media that do not require Internet or intranet connections for the delivery and / or return of the learning materials and activities. The main tasks are usually performed on a PC or laptop.		X	X	X		X
May be Internet-mediated: - Audioconference (e.g., telephone only) - Videoconference (e.g., Zoom webinars)	Engaging participants at different locations using synchronous interaction that may, or may not, require Internet or intranet connections for the delivery and / or return of the learning materials and activities.	X	X		X		X
Internet-mediated: - e-Mail - Tutorials / online module / interactive modules - Weblinks - Online discussion forum - MOOCs - Social networks	Engaging participants at different locations using the Internet or intranet connections for the delivery and / or return of the learning materials and activities.	X	X	X	X	X	X
Mobile network mediated: - Mobile device (e.g., Smartphone, Personal digital assistant (PDA), Tablet)	Engaging participants at different locations using cellular network connections for the delivery and / or return of the learning materials and activities.			X
Learning Management System (LMS) facilitated	Software programmes that facilitate the management (administration, documentation, tracking, reporting, automation) and engagement of participants at different locations for the delivery and / or return of the learning materials and activities			X			X
2. Enhancing Technology
Narrated PowerPoint			X	X			X
Computer Simulation / Virtual Reality	A computer-generated three-dimensional representation of a real or artificial environment that can be interacted with through sensory feedback in a seemingly real or physical way by a person using special electronic equipment, such as a helmet with a screen inside or gloves fitted with sensors.	X					X
Resource access (e.g., library, database, weblink, podcast, video, journal club)	Any single or organised collection of electronic resources that can be accessed by participants at different locations using Internet, intranet, or cellular network connections or recorded media.	X	X	X			X
Scenario-based Learning	Where interactive audio-video scenarios (story lines) are used to support active learning strategies such as problem-based or case-based learning.		X
*“X” indicates one or more of the example modes of delivery or technological approaches were identified within a reference.