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. 2021 Apr 29;20:71. doi: 10.1186/s12943-021-01365-z

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 1 — The biogenesis and compositions of exosomes. Golgi apparatus could produce lipid rafts, which facilitate endocytosis. Early endosomes (EE) are formed after the inward budding of the plasma membrane, then they transport from early to late endosomes (LE), which transforming into multivesicular bodies (MVBs) when membrane vesicles sprout inward the cavity. Secretion or degradation is under control of ESCRT family and ESCRT-independent RAB31. Cholesterol-rich (CHL-R) and RAB31-high pre-exosomes are destined to secreted as exosomes, while cholesterol deficient (CHL-D) and RAB31-low are degraded. Exosomes contain complex contents such as proteins, mRNA, miRNA, lncRNA, and DNA. Some protein biomarkers are used to characterize exosomes currently