Table 3.

Role of sEVs cargo in chemoresistance of GC

Drug	Contents	Type	Function	Ref.
Cisplatin	RPS3	protein	Promote the chemoresistance of cisplatin-sensitive cells	[98]
	miR-21	miRNA	Tumour-associated macrophages derived sEVs-miR-21 confer cisplatin resistance in GC	[99]
	anti-miR-214	miRNA	Reverse the resistance to cisplatin in GC	[52]
	miR-522	miRNA	Inhibit ferroptosis in cancer cells by targeting ALOX15 and blocking lipid-ROS accumulation	[100]
	miR-500a-3p	miRNA	Could be a potential modality for the prediction and treatment of GC with chemoresistance	[101]
	HOTTIP	lncRNA	Contribute to cisplatin resistance in GC cells by regulating miR-218/HMGA1 axis	[102]
	circ-0000260	circRNA	Contribute to cisplatin resistance by upregulating MMP11 via targeting miR-129-5p.	[103]
	circ-PVT1	circRNA	Contribute to cisplatin resistance via miR-30a-5p/YAP1 axis.	[104]
Oxaliplatin	circ-0032821	circRNA	Contribute to oxaliplatin resistance by regulating SOX9 via miR-515-5p	[105]
5-FU	TFAP2E	protein	Hypermethylation of TFAP2E resulted in 5-FU chemoresistance in GC cells	[106]
Doxorubicin	miR-501	miRNA	Resistance to doxorubicin is possibly achieved by sEVs-miR-501-induced downregulation of BLID, subsequent inactivation of caspase-9/− 3 and phosphorylation of Akt.	[107]
	miR-223	miRNA	Promote doxorubicin resistance in GC cells by inhibiting FBXW7.	[108]
Vincristine	CLIC1	protein	Induce the development of resistance to vincristine in vitro, which might relate to up-regulated P-gp and Bcl-2.	[109]
Paclitaxel	miR-155-5p	miRNA	Induce EMT and chemo-resistant phenotypes from paclitaxel-resistant GC cells to the sensitive cells, which may be mediated by GATA3 and TP53INP1 suppression.	[110]