Table 4.
Summary of antimicrobial resistance profiles and prevalence of single gene resistance determinants of frequently isolated NAS species across several studies.
| Species | Antimicrobial resistance profilea | Resistance determinants (% prevalence of determinant) | References | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acquired | Intrinsic | |||
| S. lentus | PEN, KAN, STR, TET, CHL, TMP, FUS | tetK (23), tetM (10), tetL (14), fexA (32) | – | |
| S. sciuri | PEN, FOX, GEN, KAN, STR, ERY, CLI, SYN, TET, CHL, TMP, FUS | tetK (5), tetL (25), fexA (5) | – | (98) |
| S. epidermidis | PEN, FOX, GEN, KAN, STR, ERY, CLI, TET, CHL, TMP, FUS | tetK (45), tetL (9), fexA (27) | – | |
| S. epidermidis | NA, ERY, KAN, GEN, TOB | – | – | |
| S. simulans | NA, ERY, STR, CLI | – | – | (101) |
| S. haemolyticus | NA, SXT | – | – | |
| S. chromogenes | NA, TET | – | – | |
| S. chromogenes | PEN, OXA, STR, TET, ERY | blaZ (72), mecA (2) | – | |
| S. epidermidis | PEN, OXA STR, TET, ERY | blaZ (48), mecA (4) | – | (94) |
| S. xylosus | PEN, OXA, STR, ERY | blaZ (87) | – | |
| S. chromogenes | PEN, OXA, TET, STR, ERY, CLI, CHL, KANA, GEN, TRM | – | – | |
| S. xylosus | PEN, OXA, TET, ERY, CLI, CHL, GEN | – | – | (102) |
| S. sciuri | OXA, TET, STR, CLI, KAN, GEN, TRM | – | – | |
| S. chromogenes | CHL, TET, CLI, PNV, PIR, ERY, AMP, PEN | blaZ (10), tet38 (100), tetK (2), tetL (3), | NorA (100), Sav1866 (100), | |
| S. simulans | CHL, TET, PIR, ERY, PEN, MDR | tetK (3), tetL (3), tetM (3) | norA (100), Sav1886 (100). | (82) |
| S. xylosus | CHL, TET, CLI, PIR, ERY, AMP, PEN, MDR | msrA (14), tetK (19) | norA (100), norB (100), sav1886 (100) | |
| S. arlettae | – | – | blaARL | (103) |
Isolates from bovine milk diagnosed with clinical and subclinical mastitis were used in all studies with the exception of the first study which used nasal swab samples collected from veal calves.
a
Multi-drug resistant profiles are not included. NA, nalidixic acid; ERY, erythromycin; KAN, kanamycin; GEN, gentamicin; TOB, tobramycin; STR, streptomycin; SXT, sulphamethoxazole-trimethoprim; TET, tetracycline'; PEN, penicillin; CLI, clindamycin; CHL, chloramphenicol; TRM, trimethoprim; FUS, fusidic acid; FOX; OXA, oxacillin; PIR, pirlimycin.