DDX3X-induced stress granules facilitate activation of type I IFN signaling in response to IAV infection.A, immunoblot analysis of the levels of phospho (P)-STAT1, IFN regulatory factor 1 (IRF1), NP, NS1, caspase-1 (CASP1), and GAPDH and ELISA measurement of IFN-β in bone marrow–derived macrophages (BMDMs) infected with influenza A virus (IAV)–PR8 or IAV–PR8 (MOI 20) followed by arsenite (Ars) treatment at 3 h of infection (IAV–PR8 + Ars). Representative blots (n = 3). Data are the mean ± SEM in the graph. B, immunoblot analysis of P-STAT1, IRF1, P-eIF2α, and GAPDH in untreated or Ars-treated BMDMs. Representative blots (n = 2). DDX3X, DEAD-box helicase 3 X-linked; IFN, interferon; NP, nucleoprotein; NS1, nonstructural protein 1; P-eIF2α, phosphorylated eIF2α.