Figure 1.

Motor tic frequency and intensity are reduced during sleep

(A) An example of tic expression during the quiet waking state (left), transition period (center), and sleep (right) as recorded in the gyroscope signal, shown using three different time windows. These periods consisted of three distinct behaviors, classified using offline video analysis: quiet waking (red), eyes half-closed (light blue), and eyes closed (blue).

(B) An example of video-classified quiet waking (red) and movement (yellow) behaviors as recorded in the gyroscope signal, during artificial cerebrospinal fluid (left) and bicuculline (right) infusions.

(C) The peri-tic gyroscope signal (top) and the mean shape for each third (bottom), during the quiet waking state (red shades) and the transition period (shaded black) in a single session (A). During sleep, tics were not detected.

(D) Tic frequency across all sessions (N = 18). Gray lines: individual sessions. Black bold line: mean across all sessions.

(E) Coefficient of variation of tic amplitude in the quiet waking state, transition period, and sleep. Gray line: mean.

(F) Tic intensity, calculated as the peak-to-peak delta across sessions (N = 18). Gray lines: single session. Bold black line: mean across all sessions.

(G) The mean shape of a motor tic (bold) ± 1 SEM (shadow), across all sessions (N = 18) and animals (N = 7) in all three behavioral periods (quiet waking, red; transition period, gray; sleep, blue). ∗∗p < 0.001.