Table 5.
Second-Order Confirmatory factor analysis (M2) results and measurement properties of the scales by country.
| Scale Items | Standardized loading | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| USA | Korea | England | Mexico | |
| Teacher Professional Engagement (TPE) | α = 0.85 | α = 0.82 | α = 0.86 | α = 0.60 |
| TT2G46A | 0.836 (0.013) | 0.841 (0.01) | 0.835 (0.009) | 0.460 (0.027) |
| TT2G46B | 0.914 (0.008) | 0.845 (0.009) | 0.925 (0.006) | 0.785 (0.021) |
| TT2G46D (recoded) | 0.848 (0.014) | 0.781 (0.011) | 0.842 (0.01) | 0.760 (0.022) |
| TT2G46F (recoded) | 0.851 (0.011) | 0.808 (0.01) | 0.852 (0.008) | 0.730 (0.019) |
| Teacher Self-Efficacy (2nd Order Factor) | ||||
| Efficacy in Classroom Management | α = 0.84 | α = 0.87 | α = 0.84 | α = 0.78 |
| 0.858 (0.027) | 0.857 (0.008) | 0.79 (0.02) | 0.694 (0.019) | |
| TT2G34D | 0.638 (0.013) | 0.925 (0.005) | 0.852 (0.011) | 0.762 (0.014) |
| TT2G34F | 0.638 (0.035) | 0.320 (0.02) | 0.761 (0.028) | 0.490 (0.026) |
| TT2G34H | 0.900 (0.011) | 0.905 (0.006) | 0.884 (0.011) | 0.859 (0.012) |
| TT2G34I | 0.843 (0.016) | 0.902 (0.006) | 0.825 (0.014) | 0.765 (0.014) |
| TT2G34E(cross-loading) | – | 0.348 (0.022) | 0.367 (0.025) | – |
| Efficacy in Instruction | α = 0.79 | α = 0.85 | α = 0.76 | α = 0.77 |
| 0.768 (0.026) | 0.952 (0.008) | 0.834 (0.02) | 0.846 (0.015) | |
| TT2G34L | 0.851 (0.018) | 0.856 (0.007) | 0.852 (0.011) | 0.791 (0.012) |
| TT2G34C | 0.477 (0.036) | 0.460 (0.029) | 0.761 (0.028) | 0.702 (0.015) |
| TT2G34J | 0.785 (0.021) | 0.861 (0.008) | 0.884 (0.011) | 0.743 (0.014) |
| TT2G34K | 0.821 (0.017) | 0.859 (0.008) | 0.825 (0.014) | 0.795 (0.013) |
| TT2G34G(cross-loading) | 0.432 (0.031) | 0.552 (0.025) | 0.367 (0.025) | – |
| Efficacy in Student Engagement | α = 0.85 | α = 0.84 | α = 0.82 | α = 0.70 |
| 0.812 (0.024) | 0.846 (0.009) | 0.769 (0.019) | 0.989 (0.015) | |
| TT2G34A | 0.929 (0.009) | 0.905 (0.006) | 0.907 (0.012) | 0.660 (0.016) |
| TT2G34B | 0.936 (0.009) | 0.93 (0.005) | 0.926 (0.01) | 0.789 (0.012) |
| TT2G34E | 0.825 (0.016) | 0.57 (0.021) | 0.511 (0.024) | 0.592 (0.016) |
| TT2G34G | 0.439 (0.032) | 0.283 (0.025) | 0.377 (0.032) | 0.758 (0.014) |
| TT2G34C (cross-loading) | – | 0.370 (0.029) | – | – |
| TT2G34F (cross-loading) | – | 0.620 (0.019) | – | – |
| Participation Among Stakeholders | 0.659 (0.025)*** | 0.761 (0.012)*** | 0.51 (0.033)*** | 0.79 (0.016)*** |
| TT2G44A | 0.816 (0.012)*** | 0.807 (0.008)*** | 0.848 (0.009)*** | 0.826 (0.018)*** |
| TT2G44B | 0.781 (0.014)*** | 0.754 (0.01)*** | 0.771 (0.011)*** | 0.784 (0.01)*** |
| TT2G44C | 0.771 (0.013)*** | 0.84 (0.009)*** | 0.774 (0.012)*** | 0.815 (0.008)*** |
| TT2G44D | 0.945 (0.007)*** | 0.915 (0.006)*** | 0.842 (0.013)*** | 0.903 (0.006)*** |
| TT2G44E | 0.883 (0.008)*** | 0.918 (0.006)*** | 0.797 (0.012)*** | 0.751 (0.015)*** |
| TT2G45D (cross-loading) | – | 0.265 (0.021)*** | 0.192 (0.023)*** | 0.388 (0.022)*** |
| Teacher-Student Relationship | 0.661 (0.025)*** | 0.787 (0.01)*** | 0.564 (0.029)*** | 0.73 (0.015)*** |
| TT2G45A | 0.818 (0.021)*** | 0.849 (0.011)*** | 0.883 (0.017)*** | 0.74 (0.017)*** |
| TT2G45B | 0.906 (0.012)*** | 0.876 (0.008)*** | 0.914 (0.011)*** | 0.846 (0.012)*** |
| TT2G45C | 0.898 (0.013)*** | 0.922 (0.008)*** | 0.889 (0.011)*** | 0.845 (0.012)*** |
| TT2G45D | 0.761 (0.017)*** | 0.492 (0.02)*** | 0.649 (0.018)*** | 0.375 (0.024)*** |
| TT2G44D(cross-loading) | – | – | 0.156 (0.025)*** | −0.013 (0.026)*** |
| TT2G44E(cross-loading) | – | – | 0.223 (0.023)*** | 0.199 (0.021)*** |
| School Violence | α = 0.74 | α = 0.77 | α = 0.73 | α = 0.82 |
| TC2G32D | 0.654 (0.039)*** | 0.664 (0.018)*** | 0.415 (0.027)*** | 0.64 (0.016)*** |
| TC2G32E | 0.464 (0.041)*** | 0.827 (0.014)*** | 0.721 (0.015)*** | 0.868 (0.011)*** |
| TC2G32F | 0.58 (0.043)*** | 0.818 (0.015)*** | 0.878 (0.017)*** | 0.873 (0.011)*** |
| TC2G32G | 0.576 (0.034)*** | 0.406 (0.022)*** | 0.789 (0.017)*** | 0.774 (0.013)*** |
α is reliability coefficient alphas. All loadings are significant at 0.001 level.
Note:
***
p < 0.001;
**
p < 0.01;
*
p < 0.05 (two-tailed); +p < 0.1.