Table 1.
Demographics for Chinese and Latinx patients with current depressive symptoms (Patient Health Questionnaire-2 score ≥3) and no history of depression (N=118)
| Chinese (N=78; 66%), N (%) | Latinx (N=40; 34%), N (%) | p | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years, mean±SE | 70±2.0 | 65±2.1 | 0.11 |
| LEP | 53 (68) | 21 (53) | 0.10 |
| Women | 55 (71) | 28 (70) | 0.95 |
| Education (N=117a) | 0.36 | ||
| Less than high school | 35 (45) | 18 (46) | |
| High school diploma | 16 (21) | 12 (31) | |
| AA or some college | 7 (9) | 4 (10) | |
| College degree or higher | 20 (26) | 5 (13) | |
| Adequate health literacyb | 47 (60) | 22 (55) | 0.56 |
| Patient in clinic ≥1 year | 72 (92) | 39 (98) | 0.25 |
| Number of clinic visits in past year, mean±SE | 3.3±0.28 | 3.6±0.44 | 0.57 |
| Comorbidities (count),c mean±SE | 2.6±0.26 | 2.6±0.32 | 0.88 |
| Insurance status | 0.37 | ||
| Private | 12 (15) | 10 (25) | |
| Medicare | 55 (71) | 23 (58) | |
| MediCal | 11 (14) | 7 (18) | |
| Patient seen by PCP at index visit | 54 (69) | 31 (78) | 0.43 |
| Visit language concordanced | 0.35 | ||
| English concordant | 25 (32) | 19 (48) | |
| Non-English language concordant | 16 (21) | 7 (18) | |
| Discordant, professional interpreter | 26 (33) | 7 (18) | |
| Discordant, ad hoc interpreter | 6 (8) | 6 (15) | |
| Partially concordantd | 5 (6) | 1 (3) | |
| Number of problems addressed at the index visit, mean±SE | 4.8±0.56 | 4.3±0.35 | 0.37 |
Percents may not equal 100% due to rounding.
One Latinx participant did not provide educational attainment.
Health literacy was determined using a single, validated question, “How confident are you filling out medical forms by yourself?”
Diagnoses were included from the Elixhauser comorbidities count (in alphabetical order): AIDS, Alcohol abuse, Anemia, Cardiac arrhythmias, Chronic kidney disease, Chronic pulmonary disease, Coagulopathy, Congestive heart failure, Coronary artery disease, Diabetes, Drug abuse, Hypertension, Hypothyroidism, Liver disease diagnosis, Lymphoma, Metastatic cancer, Fluid or electrolyte disorder, Neurological disorder, Non-metastatic cancer, Obesity, Paralysis, Peptic ulcer disease, Peripheral vascular disorder, Pulmonary circulation disorder, Renal failure diagnosis, Rheumatoid arthritis, Valvular disease, and Weight loss.
We categorized the index visits for patients with LEP as language concordant (in English or non-English language), discordant-professionally interpreted, and discordant-not-professionally interpreted, and partially concordant. Visits were considered partially concordant if (1) physician reported “none,” “poor,” or “fair” skills in patient's preferred non-English language and patient reported speaking English “Well,” (2) physician reported “good,” “very good,” or “excellent” skills in patient's preferred non-English language, but failed language test in that language, or (3) physician reported “good,” “very good,” or “excellent” skills in patient's preferred non-English language, but they did not take the language test and had 3 or more patients give them an average rating of their skills as less than “very good” or “excellent.”
AA, Associate of Arts Degree; LEP, limited English proficiency; PCP, Primary Care Physician; SE, standard error.