Table 1.
Classical markers of trophoblast-derived cells in the human placenta and its expression in vasculogenic mimicry on human cancer.
| Type of marker | Marker | CTB | STB | CCT | evEVT | iEVT | Reference | Expression in vasculogenic mimicry on human cancer | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Epithelial marker | CK7 | + | + | + | NA | + | (22) | – | |
| Mesenchymal marker | Vimentin | – | – | – | NA | – | (23) | Hepatocellular, Colorectal, Ovarian, pancreatic, Large lung cancer, Non-small cell lung cancer, renal cell carcinoma | (24–26) |
| Integrins | |||||||||
| α1 β1 | – | – | – | + | + | (27) | – | ||
| α5 β1 | – | NA | – | NA | + | (27) | Glioblastoma, melanoma | (26, 28, 29) | |
| α6 β4 | + | – | + | NA | – | (27) | – | ||
| αv β5 | + | – | + | – | – | (30) | – | ||
| αv β3 | – | – | – | + | + | (30) | Breast cancer, prostate, colon, melanoma | (31) | |
| Cell adhesion molecules | |||||||||
| VE-Cadherin | – | – | – | + | + | (32) | Melanoma, hepatocellular, Non-small cell lung cancer, colorectal, prostate, large-cell lung cancer, gastric | (26, 33), | |
| E-cadherin | + | + | + | – | – | (32) | Ovarian, colorectal, pancreatic, large-cell lung cancer, hepatocellular, Non-small cell lung cancer, melanoma | (26, 34), | |
| PECAM | + | + | + | + | – | (32) | Melanoma | (31) | |
| NCAM | – | – | – | + | – | (32, 35), | – | ||
| Metalloproteases | |||||||||
| MMP-2 | NA | NA | + | NA | + | (36) | Melanoma, ovarian cancer | (34, 37), | |
| MMP-9 | NA | NA | + | NA | + | (36) | Ovarian cancer, Hepatocellular | (26, 34), | |
| MMP-14 (MT1-MMP) |
+ | + | + | – | + | (38–40) | Melanoma | (37) | |
| Hormones | |||||||||
| hCG α | + | + | +/- | +/- | +/- | (41) | – | ||
| hCG β | +/- | + | – | – | – | (41) | – | ||
| hPL | – | + | + | + | NA | (27) | – | ||
| Growth factors | |||||||||
| TGF β | + | + | + | NA | – | (42) | Hepatocellular | (26) | |
| VEGF | NA | + | NA | NA | + | (43) | Ovarian cancer | (34) | |
| sFLT-1 | NA | + | NA | NA | + | (43) | – | ||
| Endoglin | – | + | + | NA | – | (44) | – | ||
| Immune factors | |||||||||
| HLA-G | – | – | – | NA | + | (23, 45), | – |
Classical markers of trophoblast-derived cells in the human placenta and their expression in malign tumors are showed in the table. CK7, cytokeratin 7; VE-cadherin, Vascular endothelial-Cadherin; PECAM, platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule; NCAM, neural cell adhesion molecule; MMP-2, matrix metallopeptidase 2; MMP-9, matrix metallopeptidase 9; MMP-14, matrix metallopeptidase 14; hCG α, human chorionic gonadotropin α; hCG β, human chorionic gonadotropin β; hPL, human placental lactogen; TGF β, transforming growth factor beta; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor; sFLT-1, Fms-like tyrosine kinase-1; EGF, epidermal growth factor; HLA-G, human leukocyte antigen G.